{ "id": "india", "url": "https://coffearium.org/entries/india/", "license": "CC-BY-4.0", "title": "India", "summary": "Asia’s third-largest coffee origin, growing mostly robusta under shade trees in the Western Ghats of Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu, with arabica from the Baba Budan hills and Araku Valley, and the home of monsooned coffee.", "domain": "origin", "kind": "Region", "stage": "farm", "topics": [ "history" ], "topicSections": {}, "lang": "en", "status": "verified", "reviewer": "Coffearium verification pass", "lastVerified": "2026-11-03T00:00:00.000Z", "literatureSearched": "2026-11-03T00:00:00.000Z", "updated": "2026-11-03T00:00:00.000Z", "added": "2026-11-03T00:00:00.000Z", "brief": [ "The Coffee Board of India’s final estimate for 2025-26 is 373,000 t, of which 262,000 t robusta and 111,000 t arabica.7", "Karnataka grew 68.8% of the 2025-26 crop, and Kodagu district alone 32.5% (our calculation from the Coffee Board’s district table).7", "Of 442,753 coffee holdings counted by the Coffee Board in 2024-25, 439,891 were smaller than 10 ha (99.4%, our calculation).7", "India has seven coffee geographical indications (GIs), all filed by the Coffee Board; Monsooned Malabar Arabica and Robusta were certified in 2008, five regional coffees in 2019.12,13,14,15,16,17,18", "Coffee is grown under a two-tier mixed shade canopy, according to the Coffee Board and the US Department of Agriculture (USDA); black pepper is a main intercrop in Kodagu and Wayanad.19,5,22,23" ], "quickFacts": [ { "label": "Production (Coffee Board)", "value": "373,000 t (final estimate 2025-26); 404,000 t (post-blossom estimate 2026-27)" }, { "label": "Production (USDA)", "value": "6.43 million 60-kg bags (2025/26); 6.14 million forecast (2026/27)" }, { "label": "Production (FAO)", "value": "363,000 t green coffee (2024), seventh of 78 countries" }, { "label": "Share of world output", "value": "3.6% (USDA, 2025/26) · 3.3% (FAO, 2024), our calculation" }, { "label": "Species", "value": "Robusta 70%, arabica 30% of the 2025-26 crop (Coffee Board, our calculation)" }, { "label": "Area", "value": "479,669 ha planted, 432,528 ha bearing (Coffee Board, 2022-23)" }, { "label": "Main districts", "value": "Kodagu, Chikkamagaluru, Wayanad, Hassan – 87% of the 2025-26 crop (our calculation)" }, { "label": "Harvest", "value": "Arabica November–January, robusta December–February (USDA, 2023)" }, { "label": "Holdings", "value": "442,753 (2024-25); 99.4% under 10 ha (Coffee Board, our calculation)" }, { "label": "Coffee year", "value": "October–September (USDA marketing year)" }, { "label": "GIs", "value": "Seven, registered 2008 and 2019 (GI Registry)" } ], "aka": [ "Indian coffee" ], "linkTerms": [ "Indian coffee", "India coffee", "Chikmagalur", "Chikkamagaluru", "Kodagu", "Coorg", "Baba Budan", "Araku Valley", "Monsooned Malabar" ], "related": [ "coffee-production-by-country", "the-coffee-belt", "coffea-canephora", "coffea-arabica", "arabica-or-robusta", "arabica-varieties", "liberica-and-excelsa", "the-timor-hybrid", "coffee-leaf-rust", "harvest-calendars", "flowering-and-pollination", "irrigation", "shade-and-agroforestry", "soil-acidity-and-liming", "natural-process", "washed-process", "green-coffee-grading", "processing-defects", "ochratoxin-a", "coffee-yields", "crop-year-and-coffee-year", "coffee-consumption-by-country", "coffee-drinks-around-the-world", "eudr", "indonesia", "vietnam" ], "contested": [ "Size of the crop: the Coffee Board’s final estimate for coffee year 2025-26 is 373,000 t7; USDA gives 6.43 million 60-kg bags for marketing year 2025/26 (October–September), which is 385,800 t (our calculation)1,5; FAO gives 363,000 t for calendar year 2024.3 The three are made on different bases and periods.", "Date of the Baba Budan seeds: “1600 AD” on the Coffee Board’s history page and “around 1600 AD” in a 2025 government release8,11; 1670 on the Chikkamagaluru district administration’s page26; “about the 17th Centuary” in the Coffee Board’s 2017 GI application, citing the Mysore Gazetteer21; “believed to have been introduced into India in the early 17th century” in a 1994 paper from the Central Coffee Research Institute.29 A 2024 genome study, citing earlier work, places the smuggling of the “seven seeds” out of Yemen around 1600.27 None of these cites a primary record of the event.", "Altitudes in the GI applications: each 2017 Coffee Board application gives one range in its specification and a different one in the data block for the area. Chikmagalur Arabica 1,000–1,100 m (specification) and 700–1,200 m (given for the district), while the map note in the same application describes the production area as below 1,000 m20; Bababudangiri Arabica 1,500–2,000 m and 1,000–1,500 m21; Coorg Arabica 750–1,100 m and 900–1,100 m22; Wayanad Robusta 700–2,100 m and 600–900 m.23 The texts were read as scanned copies." ], "corrections": [], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "title": "Coffee: World Markets and Trade (July 2026)", "authors": "USDA Foreign Agricultural Service", "year": 2026, "publisher": "United States Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service", "url": "https://apps.fas.usda.gov/psdonline/circulars/2026/07/coffee.pdf", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "India rows in the Coffee Summary tables Arabica Production, Robusta Production, Production, Bean Exports, Soluble Exports, Exports and Domestic Consumption (thousand 60-kg bags, marketing years 2021/22–2026/27); world totals for Production and Robusta Production. Edition of July 2026. Values read through a summarising fetch. India’s marketing year could not be read unambiguously from the table Marketing Years for Producing Countries in the text extraction; the October–September year is taken from source 5. Shares and conversions to tonnes are our calculation.", "quote": "These gains more than compensate for losses in India and Indonesia.", "quotes": [], "scope": { "claim": "data", "context": "USDA FAS PSD tables, India, marketing years 2021/22–2026/27; July 2026 edition", "checked": "2026-11-03T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-03T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s2", "title": "Coffee bean production (FAOSTAT, Crops and livestock products, item Coffee, green)", "authors": "Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO); processed by Our World in Data", "year": 2026, "publisher": "FAO via Our World in Data", "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/coffee-bean-production", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "FAO statistics are Tier A; read through Our World in Data, which republishes the FAOSTAT series in tonnes. Values for India, calendar years 1961–2024, read on 3 Nov 2026 from the chart’s filtered CSV download (country India, all years) through a summarising fetch; the 2024 value (363,000 t) matches the site’s FAOSTAT extract.", "quotes": [], "scope": { "claim": "data", "context": "FAOSTAT green coffee production, India, calendar years 1961–2024", "checked": "2026-11-03T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-03T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s3", "title": "FAOSTAT: Crops and livestock products (item “Coffee, green”, element “Production”, 2024)", "authors": "Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations", "year": 2026, "publisher": "FAO, licence CC BY 4.0", "url": "https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Values and flags from the FAOSTAT extract of 11 Oct 2026 used by the site’s world coffee map, kept in tools/figures/data/the-coffee-belt-production-faostat-2024.json (78 countries and territories; India 363,000 t, flag A, ‘official value’). Rank, sum (11,133,143 t) and share are our calculation.", "quotes": [], "scope": { "claim": "data", "context": "FAOSTAT 2024 extract, 78 countries and territories", "checked": "2026-11-03T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-03T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s4", "title": "Coffee bean yields; Coffee bean production (FAOSTAT, Crops and livestock products, item Coffee, green)", "authors": "Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO); processed by Our World in Data", "year": 2026, "publisher": "FAO via Our World in Data", "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/coffee-yields", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "FAO statistics are Tier A; read through Our World in Data. India, 1961–2024, read on 3 Nov 2026 from the chart’s filtered CSV download through a summarising fetch (2024: 0.7387 t/ha, given here as 739 kg/ha; highest 0.9715 t/ha in 1989).", "quotes": [], "scope": { "claim": "data", "context": "FAOSTAT green coffee yield, India, 1961–2024", "checked": "2026-11-03T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-03T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s5", "title": "India: Coffee Annual 2023 (IN2023-0033)", "authors": "Sood, D.; Beillard, M. J. (USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, Mumbai)", "year": 2023, "publisher": "USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, GAIN report", "url": "https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Coffee+Annual_New+Delhi_India_IN2023-0033", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Government report dated 12 May 2023 (post estimates, not official USDA figures). Read through a summarising fetch; the quotes are the phrases it returned. The 2026 India Coffee Annual could not be accessed (the FAS page failed to load), so this edition is used for descriptions of the crop.", "quote": "In India, the arabica coffee crop harvest normally takes place from November to January, while the robusta crop harvest runs December to February.", "quotes": [ { "text": "FAS Mumbai (Post) forecasts marketing year (MY) 2023/2024 coffee production (October-September)", "for": "marketing year" }, { "text": "pre-monsoon rains (known colloquially as the blossom showers)", "for": "blossom showers" }, { "text": "the northeast (October-December) and the southwest monsoons' (June-September) rainfall patterns", "for": "monsoons" }, { "text": "It is cultivated under a two-tier shade canopy", "for": "shade" }, { "text": "allows for intercropping, which is the growing of associated crops such as peppers", "for": "pepper" }, { "text": "about 80 percent of the arabica and 20 percent of robusta coffees are wet processed", "for": "share washed" }, { "text": "Italy remains the major export destination for Indian coffee followed by Germany, Russia, and Belgium.", "for": "destinations" }, { "text": "The Coffee Board forecasts, however, are made three times during the season", "for": "three estimates" } ], "scope": { "claim": "description", "context": "USDA post report on India, May 2023", "checked": "2026-11-03T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-03T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s6", "title": "Database on Coffee (July 2023)", "authors": "Babu Reddy, D. R. (Market Intelligence Unit, Coffee Board)", "year": 2023, "publisher": "Coffee Board of India, Bengaluru", "url": "https://coffeeboard.gov.in/Database/DATABASE3_JULY2023.pdf", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Statutory board under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry; most recent edition that could be accessed (a July 2024 edition is listed on the Board’s site but was not consulted). Read through a summarising fetch; the table values were checked for internal consistency (district rows add up to the state and national totals). Tables used: 1.1 and 1.6 (planted area and production since 1950-51), 1.2 (planted area by states 2022-23), 1.5 (planted and bearing area and holdings by districts, 2022-23, provisional), 1.7 and 1.8 (production by states and districts, MT), 1.10 (bearing area, production and productivity 2022-23), 2.3 (holdings 2022-23, provisional), 3.1 (average daily persons employed, provisional), 4.1 and 4.7 (exports, financial years April–March, based on export permits).", "quote": "1.10 Bearing Area, Production & Productivity of Coffee in Traditional / NonTraditional Areas – 2022-2023", "quotes": [ { "text": "1.2 Planted Area by States - 2022-2023", "for": "planted area by state" }, { "text": "1.5. Planted Area, Bearing Area and No. of Holdings of Coffee in Major States/Districts (Zones) of India – 2022 – 2023 (Provisional)", "for": "districts" }, { "text": "# Including Chamarajanagar Dist.. *Post Blossom Estimate", "for": "Kodagu row" }, { "text": "3.1. Average Daily Number of Persons Employed in Coffee Plantations of India", "for": "labour" }, { "text": "4.1. Coffee Exports - Targets & Achievements (April to March)", "for": "exports" }, { "text": "4.7 Exports of Coffee from India by Countries – FY 2022/2023*", "for": "destinations" } ], "scope": { "claim": "data", "context": "Coffee Board statistics, coffee years and financial years to 2022-23", "checked": "2026-11-03T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-03T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s7", "title": "Coffee Statistics", "authors": "Coffee Board of India", "year": 2026, "publisher": "Coffee Board of India (coffeeboard.gov.in)", "url": "https://coffeeboard.gov.in/coffee-statistics.html", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Statutory board. Web page with the table ‘Production in Major States/Districts Of India’ (final estimate 2025-2026 and post-blossom estimate 2026-2027, MT), the number of holdings in 2024-2025 and estimated domestic consumption. Read through a summarising fetch. Two cells are misprinted: Kodagu robusta (final estimate) reads ‘10,1125’, and Travancore (printed ‘Tranancore’) robusta reads ‘67,850’; 101,125 t and 7,850 t agree with the row totals and the state subtotals (our reading). Shares are our calculation.", "quote": "Production in Major States/Districts Of India", "quotes": [ { "text": "Final Estimate 2025-2026", "for": "final estimate" }, { "text": "Post Blossom Estimate 2026-2027", "for": "post-blossom estimate" }, { "text": "* Coffee Board study through M/s. CRISIL Estimation", "for": "consumption" } ], "scope": { "claim": "data", "context": "Coffee Board production estimates 2025-26 and 2026-27; holdings 2024-25", "checked": "2026-11-03T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-03T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s8", "title": "About Us", "authors": "Coffee Board of India", "publisher": "Coffee Board of India (coffeeboard.gov.in)", "url": "https://coffeeboard.gov.in/aboutus.aspx", "tier": "A/B", "tierNote": "Statutory board under the administrative control of the Ministry of Commerce and Industry; A for its own institutional facts (Act, pooling, deregulation, membership); its history narrative (Baba Budan, early plantations) is a legend or general account without cited records and is given attributed. The page names the seeds ‘Seven seeds’ of ‘Mocha’ and calls Baba Budan ‘the legendary holy saint’; it does not say where the seeds came from. Read through a summarising fetch. Undated web page.", "quote": "The saga of Indian coffee began on a humble note, with planting of ‘Seven seeds’ of ‘Mocha’ during 1600 AD", "quotes": [ { "text": "in the courtyard of his hermitage on ‘Baba Budan Giris’ in Karnataka.", "for": "place" }, { "text": "It was during 18th century that the commercial plantations of coffee were started", "for": "plantations" }, { "text": "The continuous ravages of white stem borer and leaf rust spelled doom for Arabica plantations", "for": "pests" }, { "text": "introduction of tolerant robusta from Indo-China region towards the 1900’s", "for": "robusta" }, { "text": "the Government of India established the ‘Coffee Board’ through a constitutional act “Coffee Act VII of 1942”", "for": "Coffee Board" }, { "text": "After pooling was discontinued in 1996, Coffee Board serves as the friend, philosopher and guide", "for": "pooling" }, { "text": "After liberalization in 1996, the marketing functions were deregulated.", "for": "liberalisation" }, { "text": "In India, coffee is traditionally grown in the Western Ghats spread over Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu.", "for": "Western Ghats" }, { "text": "Arabica is grown in higher altitudes than Robusta.", "for": "altitude" }, { "text": "The Board comprises 33 members including the Chairman and the Secretary & Chief Executive Officer.", "for": "Board" } ], "scope": { "claim": "description", "context": "Coffee Board institutional history page, undated", "checked": "2026-11-03T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-03T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s9", "title": "Research", "authors": "Coffee Board of India", "publisher": "Coffee Board of India (coffeeboard.gov.in)", "url": "https://coffeeboard.gov.in/research.aspx", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Research page of the statutory board (its own institutes and releases). Undated; read through a summarising fetch.", "quote": "and rechristened it as Central Coffee Research Institute.", "quotes": [ { "text": "Accordingly, the Coffee Board took over the reigns of the ‘Mysore Coffee Experiment Station' in the year 1946", "for": "1946" }, { "text": "established an exclusive research station for coffee namely the Mysore Coffee Experimental Station near Balehonnur", "for": "Balehonnur" }, { "text": "in Chikmagalur district of Karnataka in the year 1925, with primary objectives of breeding resistant varieties", "for": "1925" }, { "text": "Released 16 (13 Arabica & 3 Robusta) high yielding, disease tolerant and widely adaptable strains", "for": "releases" }, { "text": "Chandragiri Arabica variety released during 2007 has been found to exhibit tolerance to all the known races", "for": "Chandragiri" }, { "text": "The United planters Association of South India (UPASI) established in 1892 took first major step in organizing research", "for": "UPASI" }, { "text": "Dr.L.C.Coleman, the Director of Agriculture in the erstwhile Mysore government", "for": "Coleman" }, { "text": "This station established during 1946 at Chettalli village in Kodagu district of Karnataka", "for": "Chettalli" }, { "text": "a regional research station was established during 1977-78 in an area of 166 hectares", "for": "Chundale" }, { "text": "a regional station was established in an area of 12.5 hectares near Thandigudi village", "for": "Thandigudi" }, { "text": "A regional station was established during 1976 near Chintapalli village", "for": "R.V. Nagar" }, { "text": "A regional station was established during 1985 near Diphu in Assam state", "for": "Diphu" }, { "text": "Nearly, 250 different types of shade trees", "for": "shade trees" }, { "text": "cultivation of intercrops like pepper, orange", "for": "intercrops" } ], "scope": { "claim": "description", "context": "Coffee Board research institutes and variety releases, undated page", "checked": "2026-11-03T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-03T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s10", "title": "GI Certification for five varieties of Indian coffee", "authors": "Press Information Bureau, Ministry of Commerce and Industry", "year": 2019, "publisher": "Press Information Bureau, Government of India", "url": "https://www.pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1569831®=48&lang=2", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Government press release of 29 March 2019. Its statistics come from the Coffee Board and are not independent of sources 6–9; no year of data is given for the area, farmers and state shares (the state shares are not stated to be of area or of output). Read through a summarising fetch.", "quote": "India is the only country in the world where the entire coffee cultivation is grown under shade, hand-picked and sun dried.", "quotes": [ { "text": "In India, coffee is cultivated in about 4.54 lakh hectares by 3.66 lakh coffee farmers of which 98% are small farmers.", "for": "area and farmers" }, { "text": "Coffee is also grown in non-traditional areas like Andhra Pradesh and Odisha (17.2%) and North East States (1.8%).", "for": "non-traditional areas" }, { "text": "at an elevation of 900-1100 Mt MSL.", "for": "Araku Valley altitude" }, { "text": "is grown specifically in the birthplace of coffee in India", "for": "Bababudangiris" }, { "text": "The Monsooned Malabar Robusta Coffee, a unique specialty coffee from India, was given GI certification earlier.", "for": "Monsooned Malabar" }, { "text": "Coorg Arabica coffee is grown specifically in the region of Kodagu district in Karnataka.", "for": "Coorg Arabica" }, { "text": "Wayanaad Robusta coffee is grown specifically in the region of Wayanad district", "for": "Wayanaad Robusta" } ], "scope": { "claim": "description", "context": "Government of India release on the 2019 coffee GIs", "checked": "2026-11-03T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-03T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s11", "title": "Brewing Prosperity: “India’s Coffee Story from Farm to Global Fame”", "authors": "Press Information Bureau", "year": 2025, "publisher": "Press Information Bureau, Government of India", "url": "https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2196210®=3&lang=1", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Government backgrounder of 29 November 2025, drawing on Coffee Board data (not independent of sources 6–9). The export shares by destination and the 128 countries carry no year (‘annually’). It says ‘five regional and two specialty coffees’ but names only Monsooned Malabar Robusta among the specialty coffees. Read through a summarising fetch.", "quote": "reaching a record USD 1.8 billion in FY 2024–25", "quotes": [ { "text": "around 1600 AD when Sufi Saint Baba Budan planted seven coffee seeds", "for": "legend" }, { "text": "who account for nearly 99 percent of holdings and 70 percent of the country's overall production", "for": "smallholders" }, { "text": "Grown across 4.91 lakh hectares", "for": "area" }, { "text": "with nearly 70 percent exported to 128 countries", "for": "export destinations" }, { "text": "Italy (18.09percent), Germany (11.01percent), Belgium (7.47percent),", "for": "destination shares" }, { "text": "India holds Geographical Indication (GI) tags for five regional and two specialty coffees", "for": "GIs" }, { "text": "divided into 13 distinct agro-climatic zones", "for": "zones" }, { "text": "Central Coffee Research Institute (CCRI) with five regional research stations", "for": "CCRI" }, { "text": "sustains the livelihoods of over two million people", "for": "livelihoods" } ], "scope": { "claim": "description", "context": "Government of India backgrounder on coffee, November 2025", "checked": "2026-11-03T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-03T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s12", "title": "Monsooned Malabar Arabica Coffee (GI application no. 85)", "authors": "Geographical Indications Registry, Government of India", "publisher": "Intellectual Property India, GI public search", "url": "https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublicSearch/Application/Details/85", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Official register record: applicant Coffee Board; filed 05-04-2007; certificate date 28-03-2008; GI Journal 21; class 30; registration valid up to 04-04-2027; area India (Karnataka & Kerala).", "quote": "Monsooned Malabar Arabica Coffee", "quotes": [ { "text": "28-03-2008", "for": "certificate date" }, { "text": "India (Karnataka & Kerala)", "for": "area" } ], "scope": { "claim": "data", "context": "GI register record", "checked": "2026-11-03T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-03T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s13", "title": "Monsooned Malabar Robusta Coffee (GI application no. 114)", "authors": "Geographical Indications Registry, Government of India", "publisher": "Intellectual Property India, GI public search", "url": "https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublicSearch/Application/Details/114", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Official register record: applicant Coffee Board; filed 12-10-2007; certificate date 28-03-2008; GI Journal 21; class 30; valid up to 11-10-2027; area India (Karnataka & Kerala).", "quote": "Monsooned Malabar Robusta Coffee", "quotes": [ { "text": "12-10-2007", "for": "filing date" } ], "scope": { "claim": "data", "context": "GI register record", "checked": "2026-11-03T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-03T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s14", "title": "Coorg Arabica Coffee (GI application no. 604)", "authors": "Geographical Indications Registry, Government of India", "publisher": "Intellectual Property India, GI public search", "url": "https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublicSearch/Application/Details/604", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Official register record: applicant Coffee Board; filed 01-01-2018; certificate date 01-03-2019; GI Journal 111; valid up to 31-12-2027; area Karnataka.", "quote": "Coorg Arabica Coffee", "quotes": [], "scope": { "claim": "data", "context": "GI register record", "checked": "2026-11-03T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-03T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s15", "title": "Wayanaad Robusta Coffee (GI application no. 605)", "authors": "Geographical Indications Registry, Government of India", "publisher": "Intellectual Property India, GI public search", "url": "https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublicSearch/Application/Details/605", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Official register record: applicant Coffee Board; filed 01-01-2018; certificate date 01-03-2019; GI Journal 111; valid up to 31-12-2027; area Kerala. The register spells the name ‘Wayanaad’.", "quote": "Wayanaad Robusta Coffee", "quotes": [], "scope": { "claim": "data", "context": "GI register record", "checked": "2026-11-03T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-03T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s16", "title": "Chikmagalur Arabica Coffee (GI application no. 606)", "authors": "Geographical Indications Registry, Government of India", "publisher": "Intellectual Property India, GI public search", "url": "https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublicSearch/Application/Details/606", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Official register record: applicant Coffee Board; filed 01-01-2018; certificate date 01-03-2019; GI Journal 111; valid up to 31-12-2027; area Karnataka.", "quote": "Chikmagalur Arabica Coffee", "quotes": [], "scope": { "claim": "data", "context": "GI register record", "checked": "2026-11-03T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-03T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s17", "title": "Araku Valley Arabica Coffee (GI application no. 607)", "authors": "Geographical Indications Registry, Government of India", "publisher": "Intellectual Property India, GI public search", "url": "https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublicSearch/Application/Details/607", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Official register record: applicant Coffee Board; filed 01-01-2018; certificate date 01-03-2019; GI Journal 111; valid up to 31-12-2027; area Andhra Pradesh & Odisha.", "quote": "Araku Valley Arabica Coffee", "quotes": [ { "text": "Andhra Pradesh & Odisha", "for": "area" } ], "scope": { "claim": "data", "context": "GI register record", "checked": "2026-11-03T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-03T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s18", "title": "Bababudangiris Arabica Coffee (GI application no. 608)", "authors": "Geographical Indications Registry, Government of India", "publisher": "Intellectual Property India, GI public search", "url": "https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublicSearch/Application/Details/608", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Official register record: applicant Coffee Board; filed 01-01-2018; certificate date 01-03-2019; GI Journal 111; valid up to 31-12-2027; area Karnataka.", "quote": "Bababudangiris Arabica Coffee", "quotes": [], "scope": { "claim": "data", "context": "GI register record", "checked": "2026-11-03T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-03T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s19", "title": "Application for registration of a geographical indication: Monsooned Malabar Arabica Coffee (Form GI-1, application GI-85)", "authors": "Coffee Board, Ministry of Commerce and Industry", "year": 2007, "publisher": "Filed with the Geographical Indications Registry, Chennai; scanned copy hosted by oriGIn (Organization for an International Geographical Indications Network)", "url": "https://www.origin-gi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/48-monsooned-malabar-arabica-coffee.pdf", "tier": "A/B", "tierNote": "Statutory board’s GI filing for application GI-85, dated 12 October 2007 in the copy (the register gives 5 April 2007 as the filing date, source 12). A for its specification (curing area, season, process, duration, grades); its account of sailing ships is a historical narrative without cited records (B). Scanned (OCR) text read through a summarising fetch; the quotes were confirmed as phrase matches, and the layer thickness reads ‘10cm to 1Scm’ in the OCR (not used).", "quote": "This entire process of monsooning completes in about 12-16 weeks time.", "quotes": [ { "text": "commence the monsooning process during the active South West monsoon season (June-Sept)", "for": "season" }, { "text": "stretching from Mangalore in Karnataka to Kozhikode (Calicut) in Kerala", "for": "curing area" }, { "text": "subject them to frequent raking at an interval of about every 3 hours", "for": "raking" }, { "text": "in the days of sailing ships, when it took about six months for unwashed (cherry coffee) coffees to reach the Europe.", "for": "origin story" }, { "text": "However, with the opening of Suez and speedy transport by steam ships,", "for": "Suez" }, { "text": "grown under a two-tier mixed shade canopy at high elevations ranging from 1000-1500m MSL.", "for": "shade and altitude" } ], "scope": { "claim": "description", "context": "Coffee Board GI specification for Monsooned Malabar Arabica, 2007", "checked": "2026-11-03T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-03T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s20", "title": "Application for registration of a geographical indication: Chikmagalur Arabica (Form GI-1(A))", "authors": "Coffee Board, Ministry of Commerce and Industry", "year": 2017, "publisher": "Filed with the Geographical Indications Registry, Chennai; scanned copy hosted by oriGIn", "url": "https://www.origin-gi.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/606-chikmagalur-arabica-coffee.pdf", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Statutory board’s GI filing; cover letter dated 28 December 2017. Scanned (OCR) text read through a summarising fetch; the variety list reads ‘5.795’ for S.795. Altitudes: 1,000–1,100 m in the specification (item 4); 700–1,200 m in the data block for Chikmagalur district (item 8); the map note in item 8 describes the GI production area as ‘less than 1000 m MSL’ (see Contested).", "quote": "The Chikmagalur Arabica varieties are grown under two-tier canopy of mixes shade", "quotes": [ { "text": "Elevation : 700-1200 m MSL", "for": "altitude, district data block" }, { "text": "an elevation of 1000 to 1 100 m MSL", "for": "altitude, specification" }, { "text": "Main varieties : Arabica - 5.795, Sln.5B,Sln.9, Cauvery", "for": "varieties" }, { "text": "The crop commences to ripen in October and November.", "for": "ripening" } ], "scope": { "claim": "description", "context": "Coffee Board GI specification for Chikmagalur Arabica, 2017", "checked": "2026-11-03T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-03T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s21", "title": "Application for registration of a geographical indication: Bababudangiri Arabica (Form GI-1(A))", "authors": "Coffee Board, Ministry of Commerce and Industry", "year": 2017, "publisher": "Filed with the Geographical Indications Registry, Chennai; scanned copy hosted by oriGIn", "url": "https://www.origin-gi.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/608-bababudangiri-arabica.pdf", "tier": "A/B", "tierNote": "Statutory board’s GI filing; cover letter dated 28 December 2017. A for the specification; its Baba Budan account is cited to Lewis Rice’s Mysore Gazetteer and is a legend (B). Scanned (OCR) text read through a summarising fetch. Altitudes: 1,500–2,000 m in the specification (item 4), 1,000–1,500 m in the data block (item 8), and ‘more than 1000m’ in the map note and item 11 (see Contested). The 15,000 ha are in the item 8 data block.", "quote": "Selectively hand-picked and processes by natural fermentation", "quotes": [ { "text": "an elevation of 1500 - 2000 m MSL", "for": "altitude, specification" }, { "text": "Elevation : 1000-1500 m MSL", "for": "altitude, data block" }, { "text": "Total area under coffee : 15,000 ha", "for": "area (no year stated)" }, { "text": "Main varieties : 5.795, Sln.9, Cauvery", "for": "varieties" }, { "text": "in about the 17th Centuary", "for": "legend date" } ], "scope": { "claim": "description", "context": "Coffee Board GI specification for Bababudangiri Arabica, 2017", "checked": "2026-11-03T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-03T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s22", "title": "Application for registration of a geographical indication: Coorg Arabica (Form GI-1(A))", "authors": "Coffee Board, Ministry of Commerce and Industry", "year": 2017, "publisher": "Filed with the Geographical Indications Registry, Chennai; scanned copy hosted by oriGIn", "url": "https://www.origin-gi.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/604-coorg-arabica.pdf", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Statutory board’s GI filing; cover letter dated 28 December 2017. Scanned (OCR) text read through a summarising fetch. The document gives two altitude ranges (see Contested).", "quote": "Main intercrops : Pepper, Mango, Jackfruit, Vegetables", "quotes": [ { "text": "elevation of 750-1100 m MSL", "for": "altitude, specification" }, { "text": "Elevation : 900-1 100 m MSL", "for": "altitude, demographics" }, { "text": "Now a days, dadap is commonly used as a lower canopy shade.", "for": "lower shade" }, { "text": "Main varieties : 5.795, Sln.4, Sln.5, Cauvery", "for": "varieties" }, { "text": "Silver oaks is also planted as shade belts", "for": "silver oak" }, { "text": "is effected on the estate by a machine called", "for": "pulper" }, { "text": "the clean coffee is cured in mills", "for": "curing" } ], "scope": { "claim": "description", "context": "Coffee Board GI specification for Coorg Arabica, 2017", "checked": "2026-11-03T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-03T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s23", "title": "Application for registration of a geographical indication: Wayanad Robusta (Form GI-1)", "authors": "Coffee Board, Ministry of Commerce and Industry", "year": 2017, "publisher": "Filed with the Geographical Indications Registry, Chennai; scanned copy hosted by oriGIn", "url": "https://www.origin-gi.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/605-wayanad-robusta.pdf", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Statutory board’s GI filing; cover letter dated 28 December 2017. Scanned (OCR) text read through a summarising fetch; ‘5.274’ is read as S.274. The document gives two altitude ranges (see Contested).", "quote": "Main varieties : Peridenia, 5.274, CxR", "quotes": [ { "text": "Elevation : 600-900 m MSL", "for": "altitude, data block" }, { "text": "coffee from Wayanad region at an elevation of", "for": "altitude, specification" }, { "text": "2100 m MSL", "for": "altitude, specification (upper limit; the PDF breaks “700-” and “2100” across a line)" }, { "text": "Total area under coffee : 67,000 ha", "for": "area (no year stated)" }, { "text": "Main intercrops : Pepper, Banana, Ginger, Vegetables", "for": "intercrops" }, { "text": "The harvesting period of coffee generally starts in the month ofDecember and is set to close in February", "for": "harvest" }, { "text": "the age old species are replaced by the silveroak", "for": "shade" }, { "text": "No coffee is allowed to be cured elsewhere other than in a licensed curing works", "for": "licensed curing" } ], "scope": { "claim": "description", "context": "Coffee Board GI specification for Wayanad Robusta, 2017", "checked": "2026-11-03T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-03T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s24", "title": "IS 4074:2019 Grading for Monsooned Coffee – Specification (Third Revision)", "authors": "Bureau of Indian Standards", "year": 2019, "publisher": "Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi (copy hosted by the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India)", "url": "https://cdd.fssai.gov.in/viewFile.php?id=174", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "National standard, April 2019. Read through a summarising fetch.", "quote": "Monsooned coffees are prepared from cherry (unwashed) coffee which has been subjected to humid atmosphere to absorb moisture", "quotes": [ { "text": "exposing cherry coffee in layers of 10 to 15 cm thickness to damp atmosphere", "for": "layers" }, { "text": "The process is completed in about 12 to 16 weeks.", "for": "duration" }, { "text": "The above operations are usually carried out during monsoon season in the Malabar Coast.", "for": "place and season" }, { "text": "colour changes to pale yellow/straw white", "for": "colour and swelling" }, { "text": "between 13 and 14.5 percent by mass at the time of clearance of coffee from pool warehouses", "for": "moisture" }, { "text": "There shall be 6 grades of monsooned Malabar Coffee as given below:", "for": "grades" }, { "text": "The total defects as described in 3.2 to 3.9 in Monsooned Malabar AA shall be not more than 2 percent by mass", "for": "defects AA" }, { "text": "and in Monsooned Malabar Robusta AA shall be not more than 3 percent by mass.", "for": "defects robusta AA" } ], "scope": { "claim": "definition", "context": "Indian national standard for monsooned coffee grades, 2019", "checked": "2026-11-03T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-03T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s25", "title": "The Coffee Act, 1942 (Act No. 7 of 1942)", "authors": "Government of India", "year": 1942, "publisher": "Text read on FAOLEX (FAO); metadata on India Code", "url": "https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/ind80037.pdf", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Act of 2 March 1942 (‘[2nd March, 1942.]’), as amended (latest amendment shown: Act 23 of 1994); the pooling sections 25–26 remain in this text. The long title in brackets was substituted by Act 50 of 1954. Read through a summarising fetch.", "quote": "All coffee produced by a registered estate in excess of the amount specified", "quotes": [ { "text": "take all practical measures to market the coffee included in the surplus pool", "for": "section 26" }, { "text": "to provide for the development under the control of the Union of the coffee industry", "for": "long title" } ], "scope": { "claim": "data", "context": "Indian federal statute on coffee, 1942, as amended", "checked": "2026-11-03T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-03T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s26", "title": "About District – Chikmagalur", "authors": "District Administration Chikkamagaluru, Government of Karnataka", "publisher": "National Informatics Centre (chikkamagaluru.nic.in)", "url": "https://chikkamagaluru.nic.in/en/about-district/", "tier": "A/B", "tierNote": "State administration page; A for geography (the height of Mullanagiri), B for its account of Baba Budan, which is a legend given without sources. Undated; read through a summarising fetch. The 1670 sentence was returned only in part.", "quote": "The highest point in the district is Mullanagiri, which is 1,926 m above sea level.", "quotes": [ { "text": "Coffee was introduced to India by Chikmagalur district in 1670 when the first coffee crop was grown", "for": "legend date" }, { "text": "wrapped up seven coffee seeds around his stomach", "for": "seven seeds" } ], "scope": { "claim": "description", "context": "District administration page, undated", "checked": "2026-11-03T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-03T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s27", "title": "The genome and population genomics of allopolyploid Coffea arabica reveal the diversification history of modern coffee cultivars", "authors": "Salojärvi, J.; Rambani, A.; Yu, Z.; Guyot, R.; et al.", "year": 2024, "publisher": "Nature Genetics 56(4), 721–731", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-024-01695-w", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "The ‘around 1600’ sentence cites earlier work (the authors’ reference 25). The finding on Typica and Bourbon variation in Indian varieties is the study’s own.", "quote": "Around 1600, the so-called seven seeds were smuggled out of Yemen25, establishing Indian C. arabica cultivar lineages.", "quotes": [ { "text": "Indian varieties encompassed both Typica and Bourbon variation, in agreement with previous studies20.", "for": "Indian varieties" } ], "scope": { "claim": "cited", "context": "Genome study of C. arabica; India sentence cites earlier work", "checked": "2026-11-03T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-03T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s28", "title": "The coffee leaf rust pathogen Hemileia vastatrix: one and a half centuries around the tropics", "authors": "Talhinhas, P.; Batista, D.; Diniz, I.; Vieira, A.; Silva, D. N.; Loureiro, A.; Tavares, S.; Pereira, A. P.; Azinheira, H. G.; Guerra-Guimarães, L.; Várzea, V.; Silva, M. C.", "year": 2017, "publisher": "Molecular Plant Pathology 18(8), 1039–1051", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6638270", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Review. The 1911 selection and Kent’s are cited from Rodrigues et al. (1975); the rust races in India from Várzea and Marques (2005); the new virulence from Prakash et al. (2015). The review gives no date for the arrival of leaf rust in India.", "quote": "The first effective effort to select resistant germplasm was conducted in India in 1911.", "quotes": [ { "text": "but it is in India that the highest number of rust races is registered", "for": "races" }, { "text": "This process recently resulted in the identification of CLR in India in genotypes resistant to all known rust races", "for": "new virulence" }, { "text": "To breed one of India's most popular Arabica genotypes (S.795)", "for": "S.795" } ], "scope": { "claim": "cited", "context": "Review of coffee leaf rust; India statements cite earlier work", "checked": "2026-11-03T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-03T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s29", "title": "Augmentation and Utilization of Coffee Germplasm in India", "authors": "Ram, A. S.; Prakash, N. S.; Jyothi, D. P.; Mishra, M. K.; Srinivasan, M. S.; Naidu, R.", "year": 1994, "publisher": "Indian Journal of Plant Genetic Resources 7(1), 23–29", "url": "https://ispgr.in/index.php/ijpgr/article/download/779/607", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Paper by staff of the Central Coffee Research Institute (national research institute, own research). Scanned (OCR) text read through a summarising fetch: ‘Sln.’ appears as ‘Sin.’ and ‘HDT’ (Hibrido de Timor) as ‘HOT’; quotes keep the OCR text.", "quote": "Catimor/Cauvery is a descendant of Caturra x HOT.", "quotes": [ { "text": "was believed to have been introduced into India in the early 17th century", "for": "introduction" }, { "text": "appeared in India on an epidemic scale in the late 19th century", "for": "leaf rust" } ], "scope": { "claim": "description", "context": "CCRI germplasm review, 1994 (OCR copy)", "checked": "2026-11-03T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-03T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s30", "title": "S795", "authors": "World Coffee Research", "publisher": "World Coffee Research, Arabica Coffee Varieties catalogue", "url": "https://varieties.worldcoffeeresearch.org/varieties/s795", "tier": "A/B", "tierNote": "WCR catalogue data (breeder, lineage, genetic group, disease ratings) are A; its history narrative is B. Read through a summarising fetch.", "quote": "It was developed from a cross between S.288 (a C. liberica introgressed line) and 'Kents' coffee.", "quotes": [ { "text": "one of the most widely cultivated Arabica varieties in India", "for": "spread" }, { "text": "Central Coffee Research Institute (CCRI)", "for": "breeder" }, { "text": "demonstrates high rust resistance in global trials, but is considered susceptible in India", "for": "leaf rust" } ], "scope": { "claim": "data", "context": "WCR variety catalogue entry", "checked": "2026-11-03T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-03T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s31", "title": "Agroforestry coffee production increased by native shade trees, irrigation, and liming", "authors": "Boreux, V.; Vaast, P.; Madappa, L. P.; Cheppudira, K. G.; Garcia, C.; Ghazoul, J.", "year": 2016, "publisher": "Agronomy for Sustainable Development 36(3), 42", "url": "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13593-016-0377-7", "doi": "10.1007/s13593-016-0377-7", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Survey of 113 robusta plantations in South Kodagu in 2008 (112 analysed); study-site section read through a summarising fetch.", "quote": "Irrigation and liming increased berry production respectively by 16 and 20 %.", "quotes": [ { "text": "Coffee plantations in Kodagu have traditionally retained some of the original forest trees", "for": "native shade" }, { "text": "replacing such trees with fast growing exotic species, primarily G. robusta, which provides support for both pepper vines and short rotation timber", "for": "silver oak and pepper" }, { "text": "the geographical area comprising our sites was located in an altitudinal range between 800 and 1000 m", "for": "altitude of sites" }, { "text": "a rise of 100 non-Grevillea shade tree per hectare increased production of berries by 5.6 %", "for": "native shade and yield" } ], "scope": { "claim": "finding", "context": "Survey of robusta agroforests, Kodagu, 2008", "checked": "2026-11-03T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-03T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s32", "title": "Rainfall Induced Production Risk in Coffee Crop and Mitigation Strategies Adopted by Farmers: An Economic Analysis", "authors": "Madhura, H. V.; Chinnappa Reddy, B. V.; Chandrashekar, H.", "year": 2017, "publisher": "Agricultural Economics Research Review 30(2), 293–298", "url": "https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/273048/files/10-HV-Madhura.pdf", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Survey of 70 growers in Chikmagalur district (35 small, under 2 ha; 35 large, over 2 ha), crop year 2008-09 (Table 1 is labelled 2010-11). The statement that early blossom showers are essential is cited from Ahmed et al. (1992).", "quote": "about 80 per cent of small and 100 per cent of large farmers had installed sprinkler systems on their farms", "quotes": [ { "text": "Artificial showers are also given as backing showers in the months of April and May.", "for": "backing showers" }, { "text": "during the months of February and March", "for": "blossom showers" } ], "scope": { "claim": "finding", "context": "Farm survey, Chikmagalur district, 2008-09", "checked": "2026-11-03T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-03T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s33", "title": "Behavioral Ecology of the Coffee White Stem Borer: Toward Ecology-Based Pest Management of India's Coffee Plantations", "authors": "Rajus, S.; Bhagavan, S. G.; Kharva, H.; Rao, S.; Olsson, S. B.", "year": 2021, "publisher": "Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 9, 607555", "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fevo.2021.607555", "doi": "10.3389/fevo.2021.607555", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Field and laboratory work in Karnataka (Kodagu, Chikkamagaluru, Somwarpet), 2015–2019. The greater severity on arabica is cited from earlier work (Veeresh 1995; Venkatesha and Dinesh 2012); the attraction to both species is the study’s own finding. Author name as printed by the publisher and Crossref (‘Santosh Rajus’). Read through a summarising fetch.", "quote": "Xylotrechus quadripes, commonly known as Coffee White Stem Borer (CWSB), is a major pest of arabica", "quotes": [ { "text": "Severe CWSB infestation has been observed on arabica coffee when compared with robusta.", "for": "arabica more affected (cited)" }, { "text": "CWSB beetles were attracted to both healthy arabica and robusta plants", "for": "both species" } ], "scope": { "claim": "finding", "context": "Behavioural study of the white stem borer, Karnataka, 2015–2019", "checked": "2026-11-03T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-03T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s34", "title": "Projected Shifts in Coffea arabica Suitability among Major Global Producing Regions Due to Climate Change", "authors": "Ovalle-Rivera, O.; Läderach, P.; Bunn, C.; Obersteiner, M.; Schroth, G.", "year": 2015, "publisher": "PLOS One 10(4), e0124155", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4397088/fullTextXML", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0124155", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Full text read through Europe PMC (PMC4397088). Model projections for the 2050s, arabica only.", "quote": "but those in India and Vietnam to become less suitable.", "quotes": [ { "text": "in southern India at elevations up to 2500 masl and in Vietnam at elevations less than 2000 masl.", "for": "present arabica altitude (where grown)" }, { "text": "Suitable climates for Arabica coffee in India and Indochina would shift upward from the current 400–1500 masl", "for": "shift, from" }, { "text": "to 700–1800 masl.", "for": "shift, to" }, { "text": "India and Laos would experience a loss of suitability below 1200 masl.", "for": "loss below 1,200 m" } ], "scope": { "claim": "finding", "context": "Global suitability model for arabica, 2050s", "checked": "2026-11-03T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-03T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s35", "title": "Microfloral contamination and hydrolytic enzyme differences between monsooned and non-monsooned coffees", "authors": "Ahmad, R.; Magan, N.", "year": 2002, "publisher": "Letters in Applied Microbiology 34(4), 279–282", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1472-765x.2002.01080.x", "doi": "10.1046/j.1472-765x.2002.01080.x", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Abstract read through Europe PMC (summarising fetch); four coffees compared.", "quote": "Monsooned coffee may have a higher contamination with spoilage moulds", "quotes": [ { "text": "speciality monsooned coffee has markedly different microbial and physiological characteristics", "for": "conclusion" }, { "text": "Fungal populations were lower (10(5) cfu g(-1)) and found predominantly on monsooned coffee beans.", "for": "fungi" } ], "abstractOnly": true, "scope": { "claim": "finding", "context": "Laboratory comparison of four monsooned and non-monsooned coffees", "checked": "2026-11-03T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-03T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s36", "title": "Genetic Diversity and Coffee Improvement in India", "authors": "Prakash, N. S.; Devasia, J.; Raghuramulu, Y.; Aggarwal, R. K.", "year": 2016, "publisher": "In: Rajpal, V. R.; Rao, S. R.; Raina, S. N. (eds), Molecular Breeding for Sustainable Crop Improvement, Sustainable Development and Biodiversity 11, Springer, Cham, pp. 231–268", "url": "https://www.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27090-6_11", "doi": "10.1007/978-3-319-27090-6_11", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Chapter by breeders of the Central Coffee Research Institute (national research institute, own work). Only the abstract and the list of abbreviations could be consulted; the abbreviations define CxR as ‘Coffea congensis × Robusta (Coffea canephora)’.", "quote": "13 improved arabica and three robusta selections for commercial cultivation", "quotes": [], "abstractOnly": true, "scope": { "claim": "description", "context": "CCRI breeding chapter, abstract and abbreviations only", "checked": "2026-11-03T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-03T00:00:00.000Z" } ], "markdown": "## Snapshot\n\nIndia grows coffee mostly in the Western Ghats, the mountain range along the south-west coast, in Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu.8 The Coffee Board of India puts the 2025-26 crop at 373,000 t in its final estimate.7 Robusta made up 262,000 t of it, 70% (our calculation).7 For 2026-27, its post-blossom estimate is 404,000 t.7\n\nThe US Department of Agriculture (USDA) counts 6.43 million bags of 60 kg for 2025/26, 3.6% of the world’s 178.8 million (our calculation).1 In statistics of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), India produced 363,000 t of green coffee in 2024. That ranks seventh among 78 countries, with 3.3% of their total (our calculation).3 Coffee production by country compares origins.\n\nIndian coffee grows under shade trees, and black pepper is grown on many of them as an intercrop.5,31 India has seven coffee geographical indications (GIs), including Monsooned Malabar, a coffee exposed to the humid monsoon air after drying.12,24\n\n## Where coffee grows\n\nThe Coffee Board divides the coffee land into “traditional areas” and “non-traditional areas”.6 The traditional areas are in the Western Ghats of Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu.8 The non-traditional areas are Andhra Pradesh and Odisha; the North-East forms a third group.6,10\n\n
\n
\n
Interactive relief map of southern India. Layers: production by district or growing zone in the Coffee Board’s final estimate for 2025-26, with planted area and holdings for 2022-23 where given; the seven coffee geographical indications; the Central Coffee Research Institute and its regional stations; and places in coffee history, with legend marked. Zones are drawn on the districts that contain them (our mapping).7,6,12,19,20,21,22,23,10,9,8,26,24
\n
\n\n**Karnataka.** Karnataka grew 256,695 t in 2025-26, 68.8% of the crop (our calculation).7 Kodagu, also called Coorg, grew 121,185 t, Chikkamagaluru 94,760 t and Hassan 40,750 t.7 Kodagu grows mainly robusta; Chikkamagaluru and Hassan grow both species.7\n\n**Kerala.** Kerala grew 80,350 t, almost all robusta.7 Wayanad district alone grew 68,800 t, all robusta.7 The Board also lists Travancore and the Nelliampathies.7\n\n**Tamil Nadu.** Tamil Nadu grew 19,975 t, about 70% of it arabica (our calculation).7 Its zones are the Pulneys, the Nilgiris, the Shevaroys (Salem) and the Anamalais (Coimbatore).7\n\n**Non-traditional areas and the North-East.** Andhra Pradesh grew 15,290 t and Odisha 470 t, nearly all arabica.7 In Andhra Pradesh the Board lists Araku Valley, Chintapalli and Minumuluru.6 The North-Eastern Region grew 220 t.7\n\n**Altitude.** Arabica grows higher than robusta, according to the Coffee Board.8 Its GI applications give altitudes for each coffee, but each gives one range in its specification and a different one for the wider area (see Contested).20,21,22,23 Bababudangiri Arabica is the highest, at 1,000–1,500 m or 1,500–2,000 m.21 Araku Valley Arabica grows at 900–1,100 m, according to the 2019 government release.10\n\n
\n
\n
Section across the Western Ghats from the coast at Mangaluru over the Baba Budan range near Mullanagiri (1,926 m) to Chikkamagaluru and beyond. Bars: the altitude ranges written in the Coffee Board’s GI applications for Bababudangiris Arabica, Chikmagalur Arabica and the raw coffee of Monsooned Malabar Arabica; the 2017 applications give one range in the specification and another for the wider area. Terrain from 0.03° mean relief, so summits appear lower than they are.21,20,19,26
\n
\n\n## Climate and harvest\n\nTwo monsoons bring the rain: the south-west monsoon from June to September and the north-east monsoon from October to December, according to USDA.5 Rain before the monsoon is known as blossom showers, and USDA calls these showers critical for the crop.5\n\n**Blossom and backing showers.** In Chikmagalur district, growers surveyed for the 2008-09 crop used sprinklers for blossom showers in February and March when rain failed.32 They gave further “backing showers” in April and May.32 About 80% of small growers (under 2 ha) and all large growers had sprinklers.32 Irrigation and flowering and pollination explain why the timing matters.\n\n**Harvest.** Arabica is normally picked from November to January and robusta from December to February, according to USDA.5 The Coffee Board’s application for Chikmagalur Arabica says the crop begins to ripen in October and November.20 For Wayanad Robusta it gives December to February.23 Harvest calendars compares India with other origins.\n\n**Coffee year.** USDA counts India’s coffee in an October–September marketing year.5 The Coffee Board issues three estimates during each season: after the blossom, after the monsoon and a final estimate.5,7\n\n## Coffee under shade\n\nIndia is the only country where all coffee grows under shade, according to a 2019 government release.10 The Coffee Board and USDA describe a two-tier shade canopy.19,5 The Board’s research page counts nearly 250 kinds of shade tree.9\n\n**Two tiers.** In Kodagu, the Coffee Board’s Coorg application names dadap (*Erythrina*) as the usual lower shade.22 Silver oak (*Grevillea robusta*) is planted in shade belts and has replaced many of the original forest trees.22,31 For Wayanad, the Board notes that old shade species are being replaced by silver oak.23\n\n**Pepper.** Silver oak carries pepper vines and gives timber on a short rotation, according to a 2016 study in Kodagu.31 The Coffee Board lists pepper among the main intercrops in Kodagu and Wayanad, with banana, ginger, mango and jackfruit.22,23\n\n**Native trees and yield.** The 2016 study surveyed 113 robusta plantations in Kodagu at 800–1,000 m in 2008.31 Each extra 100 native (non-*Grevillea*) shade trees per hectare raised berry production by 5.6%.31 Irrigation raised it by 16% and liming by 20%.31 Shade and agroforestry covers shade more widely.\n\n## Farms and people\n\nIndian coffee is a smallholder crop. In 2024-25 the Coffee Board counted 442,753 holdings, of which 439,891 were under 10 ha.7 That is 99.4% (our calculation).7 Small growers produce about 70% of the crop, according to a 2025 government release.11\n\n**Where the holdings are.** More than half of the holdings, 252,243, lie in the non-traditional areas (our calculation: 57%).7 In 2022-23, the three Andhra Pradesh zones held 231,276 holdings on 100,962 ha planted, about 0.4 ha each (our calculation).6 Holdings larger than 10 ha numbered 2,862 in 2024-25, 2,211 of them in Karnataka.7\n\n**Workers.** On an average day of 2022-23, 683,018 people worked in Indian coffee plantations, by the Coffee Board’s provisional estimate.6 Kodagu alone employed 264,808.6 A 2025 government release says coffee supports the livelihoods of over two million people.11\n\n## Varieties\n\nThe Central Coffee Research Institute (CCRI) has released 16 varieties, 13 arabica and three robusta, according to the Coffee Board and a 2016 chapter by CCRI breeders.9,36 The Board’s GI applications name the main ones in each region.20,21,22,23\n\n**Arabica.** S.795 is one of the most widely grown arabica varieties in India, according to World Coffee Research (WCR).30 It was bred by CCRI from a cross of S.288, a line with genes of *C. liberica*, with Kents.30 WCR notes that S.795 resists rust in global trials but is considered susceptible in India.30 Cauvery (Catimor) descends from Caturra × Timor Hybrid, according to a 1994 CCRI paper.29 Chandragiri, released in 2007, tolerated all known races of leaf rust, according to the Coffee Board.9\n\n**By region.** The Board names S.795, Sln.5B, Sln.9 and Cauvery for Chikmagalur Arabica, and S.795, Sln.9 and Cauvery for Bababudangiri Arabica.20,21 For Coorg Arabica it names S.795, Sln.4, Sln.5 and Cauvery.22 For Wayanad Robusta it names Peradeniya, S.274 and CxR.23 CxR stands for a cross of *C. congensis* and robusta.36 Arabica varieties, the Timor Hybrid and liberica and excelsa give the background.\n\n## Processing\n\nIndian trade names follow the process: washed coffee is called parchment, natural coffee cherry.5 About 80% of arabica and 20% of robusta is washed, according to USDA (2023).5 The rest is dried as whole cherry.5 Washed process and natural process describe the methods.\n\n**Washed coffee in the GI areas.** In Kodagu, estates pulp the cherry with a machine, the pulper, then wash, briefly ferment and dry the parchment, according to the Coffee Board’s Coorg application.22 The clean coffee is then cured in mills.22 In Wayanad, coffee may be cured only in a licensed curing works, according to the Coffee Board.23\n\n**Monsooned Malabar.** Monsooned coffee is made from natural (cherry) coffee exposed to humid air until it absorbs moisture.24 The beans swell and turn pale yellow to straw white, according to the Indian standard IS 4074.24 The work is done in the monsoon season on the Malabar Coast and takes about 12–16 weeks.24 The Coffee Board places the curing between Mangalore in Karnataka and Kozhikode in Kerala, from June to September.19\n\n**Why monsooning began.** The Coffee Board’s GI application gives a historical account.19 In the days of sailing ships, cherry coffee took about six months to reach Europe and changed on the way.19 Faster steamships through the Suez Canal ended this, so the change was recreated on land.19 The application cites no record for the account.\n\n## History\n\n**Legend and evidence.** The Coffee Board tells how a saint, Baba Budan, planted seven seeds of ‘Mocha’ in the courtyard of his hermitage on the Baba Budan Giris in Karnataka.8 The Board dates this to 1600; the Chikkamagaluru district administration gives 1670.8,26 A 2024 genome study, citing earlier work, also places the smuggling of the “seven seeds” out of Yemen around 1600.27 No primary record was found among the sources consulted (see Contested).\n\n**What genetics shows.** The 2024 genome study found that Indian varieties carry both Typica and Bourbon variation.27 Arabica varieties traces the Typica route through India and Java.\n\n**Plantations.** Commercial plantations began in the 18th century, according to the Coffee Board.8 White stem borer and leaf rust later devastated arabica.8 The Board dates the introduction of robusta from Indo-China to the years around 1900.8 A 1994 paper from CCRI states that leaf rust reached epidemic scale in India in the late 19th century.29\n\n**Breeding for resistance.** India made the first effective selection for rust resistance in 1911, according to a 2017 review citing earlier work.28 It produced Kent’s, which replaced the susceptible Coorg variety.28 In 1925 L. C. Coleman, Director of Agriculture in the Mysore government, founded the Mysore Coffee Experimental Station near Balehonnur.9 The Coffee Board took it over in 1946 and renamed it the Central Coffee Research Institute.9\n\n**The Coffee Board and the pool.** The Coffee Act, 1942 is dated 2 March 1942.25 Under it, coffee beyond an estate’s free-sale quota had to be delivered to the Board’s surplus pool, which the Board marketed.25 Pooling ended in 1996, when marketing was deregulated.8\n\n**Production since 1961.** In FAO statistics, India’s production rose from 43,200 t in 1961 to 363,000 t in 2024.2 It first passed 100,000 t in 1971 and 300,000 t in 2001.2\n\n## Trade and institutions\n\n**Exports.** Nearly 70% of production is exported, to 128 countries, according to a 2025 government release; it gives no year for these figures.11 USDA expects exports of 6.03 million bags in 2025/26, including 2.42 million bags of soluble coffee.1 In financial year 2022-23 (April–March), the Coffee Board recorded 396,346 t worth USD 1,120 million.6 The same release puts exports at a record USD 1.8 billion in financial year 2024-25.11\n\n**Destinations.** In 2022-23, Italy took 14.70% of the volume, Germany 10.80%, Russia 9.75% and Belgium 6.84%.6 Italy is the main destination, followed by Germany, Russia and Belgium, according to USDA (2023).5\n\n**At home.** USDA estimates domestic consumption at 1.575 million bags in 2025/26.1 A Coffee Board study by CRISIL estimates 96,000 t for calendar year 2024.7 Coffee consumption by country and coffee drinks around the world give the context.\n\n**The Coffee Board.** The Board is a statutory body under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, with 33 members.8 Its research arm, CCRI at Balehonnur, has regional stations at Chettalli (Kodagu), Chundale (Wayanad), Thandigudi (Tamil Nadu), near Chintapalli (Andhra Pradesh) and near Diphu (Assam).9\n\n**Geographical indications.** The Coffee Board holds all seven coffee GIs.12,13,14,15,16,17,18 Monsooned Malabar Arabica and Monsooned Malabar Robusta were certified on 28 March 2008.12,13 Coorg Arabica, Wayanaad Robusta, Chikmagalur Arabica, Araku Valley Arabica and Bababudangiris Arabica were certified on 1 March 2019.14,15,16,17,18 The full list is under Geographical indications in the deep dive.\n\n\n\n## Production over time\n\nThe FAO series runs from 1961. Production was 43,200 t in 1961 and passed 100,000 t for the first time in 1971, with 110,231 t.2 In the 1980s it alternated between high and low years, for example 195,100 t in 1985 and 122,400 t in 1986.2 Since 2001 it has stayed between 262,000 t (2008) and 363,000 t (2024).2 The 2024 value is 8.4 times that of 1961 (our calculation).2\n\n
\n
\n
Green coffee production of India, 1961–2024, in thousand tonnes, from FAO statistics by calendar year. The highest value is the last, 363,000 t in 2024.2
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\n\n| Year | t | Year | t | Year | t | Year | t |\n|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n| 1961 | 43,2002 | 1977 | 102,3002 | 1993 | 162,0002 | 2009 | 262,3002 |\n| 1962 | 46,0002 | 1978 | 125,0002 | 1994 | 208,0002 | 2010 | 289,6002 |\n| 1963 | 56,2002 | 1979 | 110,4882 | 1995 | 180,0002 | 2011 | 302,0002 |\n| 1964 | 69,3002 | 1980 | 149,8352 | 1996 | 223,0002 | 2012 | 314,0002 |\n| 1965 | 60,9002 | 1981 | 118,6002 | 1997 | 205,0002 | 2013 | 318,2002 |\n| 1966 | 63,9002 | 1982 | 152,1002 | 1998 | 228,0002 | 2014 | 304,5002 |\n| 1967 | 78,5002 | 1983 | 130,0002 | 1999 | 265,0002 | 2015 | 327,0002 |\n| 1968 | 57,3312 | 1984 | 105,0292 | 2000 | 292,0002 | 2016 | 348,0002 |\n| 1969 | 73,4302 | 1985 | 195,1002 | 2001 | 301,0002 | 2017 | 312,0002 |\n| 1970 | 63,6192 | 1986 | 122,4002 | 2002 | 301,0002 | 2018 | 316,0002 |\n| 1971 | 110,2312 | 1987 | 192,1002 | 2003 | 275,2752 | 2019 | 319,5002 |\n| 1972 | 68,9482 | 1988 | 122,7002 | 2004 | 270,5002 | 2020 | 298,0002 |\n| 1973 | 91,0722 | 1989 | 214,7002 | 2005 | 275,5002 | 2021 | 334,0002 |\n| 1974 | 86,3882 | 1990 | 118,1002 | 2006 | 274,0002 | 2022 | 352,0002 |\n| 1975 | 92,5062 | 1991 | 170,0002 | 2007 | 288,0002 | 2023 | 360,5002 |\n| 1976 | 84,0002 | 1992 | 180,0002 | 2008 | 262,0002 | 2024 | 363,0002 |\n\n**FAO and the Indian coffee year.** Some FAO values equal Coffee Board figures for a coffee year (our reading).2,6 FAO’s 110,231 t for 1971 is the Board’s figure for 1970-71, and its 334,000 t for 2021 the Board’s figure for 2020-21.2,6 FAO’s 352,000 t for 2022, however, equals the Board’s 2022-23 crop, not 2021-22 (342,000 t).2,6 The year matching is therefore not consistent.\n\n**The Coffee Board’s long series.** In the Board’s tables, production was 18,893 t in 1950-51, of which 15,511 t arabica.6 Robusta overtook arabica by 1990-91 (91,415 t against 78,311 t).6 In 2022-23 the crop was 352,000 t, 252,000 t of it robusta.6 Planted area grew from 92,523 ha in 1950-51 to 479,669 ha in 2022-23.6\n\n**USDA’s recent series.** In USDA’s tables, production was 5.70 million bags in 2021/22, 5.87 million in 2022/23, 6.56 million in 2023/24, 6.06 million in 2024/25 and 6.43 million in 2025/26.1 Robusta made up 4.70 million bags of the 2025/26 crop, 5.6% of the world’s robusta (our calculation).1 USDA forecasts 6.14 million bags for 2026/27.1\n\n**Yield.** FAO’s average yield was 739 kg/ha in 2024.4 It was highest in 1989, at 971 kg/ha.4 Coffee yields compares origins.\n\n## Production by district\n\nThe Coffee Board reports production by state and by district or zone, for arabica and robusta.7 The table gives its final estimate for 2025-26 and its post-blossom estimate for 2026-27, with names as in the source.7\n\n
\n
\n
Coffee production by district or zone in India, final estimate for coffee year 2025-26, in tonnes, arabica and robusta. Names as in the source. Data: Coffee Board of India.7
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\n\n| District or zone | State | Arabica 2025-26 (t) | Robusta 2025-26 (t) | Total 2025-26 (t) | Share (our calculation) | Total 2026-27, post-blossom (t) |\n|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n| Kodagu (incl. Chamarajanagar) | Karnataka | 20,0607 | 101,125 | 121,1857 | 32.5% | 131,4207 |\n| Chikkamagaluru | Karnataka | 41,1857 | 53,5757 | 94,7607 | 25.4% | 102,1557 |\n| Wayanad | Kerala | 07 | 68,8007 | 68,8007 | 18.4% | 72,4507 |\n| Hassan | Karnataka | 17,9007 | 22,8507 | 40,7507 | 10.9% | 45,7007 |\n| Andhra Pradesh | Andhra Pradesh | 15,2407 | 507 | 15,2907 | 4.1% | 19,6507 |\n| Travancore | Kerala | 9407 | 7,850 | 8,7907 | 2.4% | 9,5007 |\n| Pulneys | Tamil Nadu | 7,6957 | 5407 | 8,2357 | 2.2% | 8,1307 |\n| Nilgiris | Tamil Nadu | 1,4007 | 4,9357 | 6,3357 | 1.7% | 6,0357 |\n| Shevaroys (Salem) | Tamil Nadu | 4,0007 | 257 | 4,0257 | 1.1% | 4,1757 |\n| Nelliampathies | Kerala | 1,1357 | 1,6257 | 2,7607 | 0.7% | 2,6207 |\n| Anamalais (Coimbatore) | Tamil Nadu | 8507 | 5307 | 1,3807 | 0.4% | 1,3807 |\n| Odisha | Odisha | 4707 | 07 | 4707 | 0.1% | 5507 |\n| North Eastern Region | North-East | 1257 | 957 | 2207 | 0.1% | 2357 |\n| India | | 111,0007 | 262,0007 | 373,0007 | 100% | 404,0007 |\n\nTwo robusta cells are misprinted in the source. Kodagu reads “10,1125” and Travancore “67,850”.7 The table uses 101,125 t and 7,850 t, the values that agree with each row total and with the Karnataka and Kerala subtotals (our reading).7 The Board’s Kodagu row includes Chamarajanagar district.6\n\nKodagu, Chikkamagaluru, Wayanad and Hassan grew 87.3% of the 2025-26 crop (our calculation).7 By state, Karnataka grew 68.8%, Kerala 21.5%, Tamil Nadu 5.4% and the non-traditional areas 4.2% (our calculation).7 Arabica made up 29.8% of the national crop, but 99.7% of the non-traditional areas’ output (our calculation).7\n\n## Area, yields and holdings\n\nThe Coffee Board’s 2022-23 tables give planted area, bearing area (area of trees old enough to crop) and productivity.6 Its productivity figures are production over bearing area.6\n\n| Region (2022-23) | Planted area (ha) | Bearing area (ha) | Production (t) | Productivity, arabica (kg/ha) | Productivity, robusta (kg/ha) | Holdings |\n|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n| Karnataka | 246,5506 | 227,7576 | 248,0206 | 7316 | 1,3626 | 80,2576 |\n| Kerala | 85,9576 | 85,0446 | 72,4256 | 4996 | 8696 | 77,8616 |\n| Tamil Nadu | 35,6856 | 33,7926 | 18,7006 | 4766 | 9146 | 18,0206 |\n| Non-traditional areas (Andhra Pradesh, Odisha) | 105,8306 | 84,3856 | 12,7306 | 1516 | 1696 | 236,6316 |\n| North Eastern Region | 5,6476 | 1,5506 | 1256 | 636 | 1156 | 9,9006 |\n| India | 479,6696 | 432,5286 | 352,0006 | 4646 | 1,1616 | 422,6696 |\n\nArea, bearing area and productivity are for 2022-23; holdings are the Board’s provisional count for 2022-23.6 Robusta in Kodagu gave 1,442 kg/ha and in Hassan 1,406 kg/ha; arabica in Andhra Pradesh gave 153 kg/ha.6 National productivity was 814 kg/ha.6 The FAO yield for 2022, 734 kg/ha, is calculated on a different area (our reading).4,6\n\n**Arabica area, robusta crop.** Arabica covered 250,126 ha of the 2022-23 planted area (52.1%), but gave 100,000 t of 352,000 t.6 The difference comes from robusta’s higher productivity and from the low productivity of the large arabica area in Andhra Pradesh.6 There, 79,924 ha of bearing arabica gave 12,225 t, 153 kg/ha.6\n\n**District holdings in 2022-23.** Chikkamagaluru had 21,851 holdings on 97,582 ha planted; Kodagu’s two taluks, Madikeri and Virajpet, had 43,961 on 107,721 ha (our sum).6 Wayanad had 59,972 holdings on 67,738 ha.6 Minumuluru, Chintapalli and Araku Valley in Andhra Pradesh had 231,276 holdings on 100,962 ha (our sum).6\n\n**Area counts by source.** The 2019 government release gives 454,000 ha (4.54 lakh) and 366,000 growers, 98% of them small, without a year.10 The 2025 release gives 491,000 ha (4.91 lakh).11 Both draw on the Coffee Board.\n\n## Geographical indications\n\n| GI | Product | Area in the register | Application | Filed | Certificate | GI Journal | Altitude in the Coffee Board’s application | Source |\n|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n| Monsooned Malabar Arabica Coffee | Monsooned arabica | Karnataka and Kerala | 85 | 5 Apr 2007 | 28 Mar 2008 | 21 | Raw coffee from estates at 1,000–1,500 m | GI Registry12, Coffee Board19 |\n| Monsooned Malabar Robusta Coffee | Monsooned robusta | Karnataka and Kerala | 114 | 12 Oct 2007 | 28 Mar 2008 | 21 | Not consulted | GI Registry13 |\n| Coorg Arabica Coffee | Arabica | Karnataka | 604 | 1 Jan 2018 | 1 Mar 2019 | 111 | 750–1,100 m (specification); 900–1,100 m (area data) | GI Registry14, Coffee Board22 |\n| Wayanaad Robusta Coffee | Robusta | Kerala | 605 | 1 Jan 2018 | 1 Mar 2019 | 111 | 700–2,100 m (specification); 600–900 m (area data) | GI Registry15, Coffee Board23 |\n| Chikmagalur Arabica Coffee | Arabica | Karnataka | 606 | 1 Jan 2018 | 1 Mar 2019 | 111 | 1,000–1,100 m (specification); 700–1,200 m (district data) | GI Registry16, Coffee Board20 |\n| Araku Valley Arabica Coffee | Arabica | Andhra Pradesh and Odisha | 607 | 1 Jan 2018 | 1 Mar 2019 | 111 | 900–1,100 m (government release) | GI Registry17, PIB10 |\n| Bababudangiris Arabica Coffee | Arabica | Karnataka | 608 | 1 Jan 2018 | 1 Mar 2019 | 111 | 1,500–2,000 m (specification); 1,000–1,500 m (area data) | GI Registry18, Coffee Board21 |\n\nAll seven are registered in class 30 with the Coffee Board as applicant.12,13,14,15,16,17,18 The register gives validity to 4 April 2027 (no. 85), 11 October 2027 (no. 114) and 31 December 2027 (nos. 604–608).12,13,14 The 2019 release calls the Bababudangiris area the birthplace of coffee in India.10 The Bababudangiri application describes the coffee as selectively hand-picked; its data for the area give 15,000 ha under coffee (year not stated).21 The register uses the spellings “Wayanaad” and “Bababudangiris”; the applications write “Wayanad” and “Bababudangiri”.15,18,21,23\n\nNo source consulted for this entry shows whether any Indian coffee GI is protected in the European Union.\n\n## Monsooned coffee in detail\n\n| Parameter | Value | Source |\n|---|---|---|\n| Raw material | Cherry (unwashed, natural) coffee, arabica or robusta | IS 407424 |\n| Place and season | Malabar Coast, monsoon season; June–September between Mangalore and Kozhikode | IS 407424, Coffee Board19 |\n| Layer depth | 10–15 cm | IS 407424 |\n| Raking | About every 3 h | Coffee Board19 |\n| Duration | About 12–16 weeks | IS 407424, Coffee Board19 |\n| Colour after monsooning | Pale yellow to straw white | IS 407424 |\n| Moisture at clearance from pool warehouses | 13–14.5% by mass (basis not stated) | IS 407424 |\n| Grades | Monsooned Malabar AAA, AA, A, Arabica Triage, Robusta AA, Robusta Triage | IS 407424 |\n| Sieve, AAA | 90% by mass retained on 7.50 mm | IS 407424 |\n| Sieve, AA and Robusta AA | 90% by mass retained on 7.10 mm | IS 407424 |\n| Sieve, A | 75% by mass retained on 6.70 mm | IS 407424 |\n| Total defects | AA ≤ 2% by mass; Robusta AA ≤ 3% by mass | IS 407424 |\n\nIS 4074 gives sieve apertures in millimetres, not screen numbers.24 Green coffee grading describes the ICO’s moisture exception for monsooned coffee.\n\n**Moulds.** A 2002 laboratory study compared four monsooned and non-monsooned coffees.35 Bacteria were most numerous on the monsooned coffees; fungi were fewer and found mainly on monsooned beans, mostly *Aspergillus* species including *A. ochraceus*.35 The authors conclude that monsooned coffee may carry more spoilage moulds, including species that can form mycotoxins.35 The abstract reports no toxin measurement. Ochratoxin A and processing defects give the background.\n\n## Research institute and varieties\n\n| Variety | Species | Origin as described | Year | Leaf rust | Source |\n|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n| S.795 | *C. arabica* | S.288 (liberica-introgressed line) × Kents; bred by CCRI | Not given by WCR | Low resistance/susceptible (WCR rating); resistant in global trials, considered susceptible in India | WCR30 |\n| Kent’s (Kents) | *C. arabica* | Selection for rust resistance that replaced Coorg | Selection effort from 1911 | Selected as resistant | Talhinhas et al., citing earlier work28 |\n| Cauvery (Catimor) | *C. arabica* | Descendant of Caturra × Timor Hybrid | Not given | Not given | Ram et al.29 |\n| Chandragiri | *C. arabica* | CCRI release | 2007 | Tolerant to all known races (Coffee Board) | Coffee Board9 |\n| Sln.4, Sln.5, Sln.5B, Sln.9 | *C. arabica* | CCRI selections named in the GI applications | Not given | Not given | Coffee Board20,22 |\n| S.274, Peradeniya | *C. canephora* | Robusta varieties named for Wayanad | Not given | Not given | Coffee Board23 |\n| CxR | *C. congensis* × *C. canephora* | Interspecific cross | Not given | Not given | Coffee Board23, Prakash et al.36 |\n\nThe CCRI regional stations date from 1946 (Chettalli), 1976 (near Chintapalli), 1977-78 (Chundale) and 1985 (near Diphu); the Board gives no year for Thandigudi.9 The United Planters’ Association of South India (UPASI), founded in 1892, took the first major step in organising coffee research, according to the Coffee Board.9\n\n**Leaf rust in India.** The highest number of rust races is registered in India, according to a 2017 review citing earlier work.28 The review, citing earlier work, reports rust identified in India on genotypes resistant to all known races.28 Coffee leaf rust gives the wider history.\n\n**White stem borer.** The white stem borer (*Xylotrechus quadripes*) is a major pest of arabica in India.33 Severe infestation has been observed on arabica more than on robusta, according to earlier work cited in a 2021 study in Karnataka.33 In the study’s own behavioural trials, beetles were attracted to both healthy arabica and robusta plants.33 The Coffee Board names the borer, with leaf rust, as the cause of the early arabica decline.8\n\n## Climate risk\n\nA 2015 global model projects that India’s arabica areas will become less suitable by the 2050s.34 It describes arabica as grown in southern India at up to 2,500 m.34 Suitable climates for arabica in India and Indochina would shift upward, from 400–1,500 m to 700–1,800 m.34 India would lose suitability below 1,200 m.34 The model covers arabica only. These are model projections, not forecasts by Coffearium.\n\nBlossom showers that fail are a production risk; growers in Chikmagalur use sprinklers against it.32 No study consulted for this entry models robusta in India.\n\n## Reference values\n\n| Parameter | Value | Source |\n|---|---|---|\n| Production, Coffee Board | 373,000 t (final estimate 2025-26); 404,000 t (post-blossom estimate 2026-27) | Coffee Board7 |\n| Production, USDA | 6.43 million 60-kg bags (2025/26); 6.14 million forecast (2026/27) | USDA1 |\n| Production, FAO | 363,000 t (2024) | FAO2,3 |\n| Share of world output | 3.6% (2025/26, USDA); 3.3% (2024, FAO); our calculation | USDA1, FAO3 |\n| Species | Robusta 262,000 t, arabica 111,000 t (2025-26) | Coffee Board7 |\n| Largest districts | Kodagu 121,185 t; Chikkamagaluru 94,760 t; Wayanad 68,800 t; Hassan 40,750 t (2025-26) | Coffee Board7 |\n| Area | 479,669 ha planted; 432,528 ha bearing (2022-23) | Coffee Board6 |\n| Productivity | 814 kg/ha (2022-23, Coffee Board); 739 kg/ha (2024, FAO) | Coffee Board6, FAO4 |\n| Holdings | 442,753; 439,891 under 10 ha (2024-25) | Coffee Board7 |\n| Workers | 683,018 on an average day (2022-23, provisional) | Coffee Board6 |\n| Harvest | Arabica November–January; robusta December–February | USDA5 |\n| Blossom showers | February–March (Chikmagalur); backing showers April–May | Madhura et al.32 |\n| Share washed | About 80% of arabica, 20% of robusta | USDA5 |\n| Monsooning | June–September, about 12–16 weeks, moisture 13–14.5% at clearance (basis not stated) | IS 407424, Coffee Board19 |\n| Exports | 6.03 million bags (2025/26, USDA); 396,346 t, USD 1,120 million (FY 2022-23, Coffee Board) | USDA1, Coffee Board6 |\n| Domestic consumption | 1.575 million bags (2025/26, USDA); 96,000 t (2024, Coffee Board study) | USDA1, Coffee Board7 |\n| GIs | Seven: two in 2008, five in 2019 | GI Registry12,14 |\n| Coffee Act | Act 7 of 1942, 2 March 1942 | Act25 |\n| Pooling ended | 1996 | Coffee Board8 |\n| CCRI | Founded 1925 as the Mysore Coffee Experimental Station; renamed 1946 | Coffee Board9 |\n\n## Open questions\n\n- **The first seeds.** The Baba Budan story is dated to 1600 or 1670 by official pages, without a cited primary record (see Contested).8,26,27\n- **Early plantations.** No peer-reviewed history consulted dates the first British plantations in Karnataka, Kerala or Tamil Nadu; the Coffee Board’s “18th century” is undocumented on its page.8\n- **Altitudes.** The GI applications give two altitude ranges for most coffees, and no measured survey of plantation altitudes was consulted.20,21,22,23\n- **Variety shares.** No source consulted gives the area under S.795, Chandragiri, Cauvery, S.274 or CxR, or the parentage and release year of Sln.9, S.274 and CxR.\n- **Recent statistics.** The Coffee Board’s July 2024 database and the 2026 USDA India Coffee Annual could not be accessed; area and holdings by district rest on 2022-23.6\n- **Monsooned coffee and ochratoxin A.** No study consulted measured ochratoxin A in monsooned coffee.35\n- **EU protection.** Whether any Indian coffee GI is registered in the European Union could not be established.\n\n## Key studies\n\n
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Boreux et al., 2016 – Shade, irrigation and liming in Kodagu. Surveyed management and yields on 113 robusta agroforestry plantations in Kodagu in 2008. Native shade trees raised berry production slightly, while irrigation and liming raised it by 16% and 20%. Silver oak, an introduced shade tree, carries pepper vines.

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Agronomy for Sustainable Development 36(3), 42 · doi:10.1007/s13593-016-0377-7

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Rajus et al., 2021 – Behaviour of the white stem borer. Studied how the white stem borer, a major pest of arabica in India, finds its host, in Karnataka in 2015–2019. Beetles were drawn to both arabica and robusta, and host plant volatiles played a key role.

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Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 9, 607555 · doi:10.3389/fevo.2021.607555

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Ahmad and Magan, 2002 – Microbes on monsooned coffee. Compared bacteria, fungi and enzyme activity in monsooned and non-monsooned arabica and robusta. Bacteria were most numerous on monsooned coffees, fungi were found mainly on monsooned beans (mostly *Aspergillus* species), and the authors conclude that monsooned coffee may carry more spoilage moulds.

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Letters in Applied Microbiology 34(4), 279–282 · doi:10.1046/j.1472-765x.2002.01080.x

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Ovalle-Rivera et al., 2015 – Arabica suitability under climate change. Modelled climatic suitability for arabica in the main producing regions by the 2050s. India’s arabica areas become less suitable, the suitable band moves up to 700–1,800 m, and land below 1,200 m loses suitability.

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PLOS One 10(4), e0124155 · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0124155

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