{ "id": "mexico", "url": "https://coffearium.org/entries/mexico/", "license": "CC-BY-4.0", "title": "Mexico", "summary": "An arabica-led origin with a robusta share, grown mainly by smallholders in Chiapas, Veracruz, Puebla and Oaxaca, harvested from November to April, with denominations of origin for Café Veracruz and Café Chiapas.", "domain": "origin", "kind": "Region", "stage": "farm", "topics": [ "history" ], "topicSections": {}, "lang": "en", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-11-04T00:00:00.000Z", "literatureSearched": "2026-11-04T00:00:00.000Z", "updated": "2026-11-04T00:00:00.000Z", "added": "2026-11-04T00:00:00.000Z", "brief": [ "Mexico produced 4.08 million bags of 60 kg in 2025/26, 12% of them robusta (our calculation), by the count of the US Department of Agriculture (USDA).1", "In the agriculture ministry’s statistics for 2021 (preliminary), Chiapas, Veracruz and Puebla grew 80.6% of Mexico’s 944,413 t of coffee cherry (our calculation).33", "Mexico has more than 500,000 coffee producers, mainly small and many of them indigenous, according to the agriculture ministry’s 2019 operating rules.8", "The state coffee institute INMECAFE, created in 1958, was liquidated from 1989; the process ended in 1993 with the creation of the Mexican Coffee Council.15,16", "Café Veracruz (2000) and Café Chiapas (2003) are protected denominations of origin, declared by the Mexican Institute of Industrial Property (IMPI).9,10" ], "quickFacts": [ { "label": "Production (USDA)", "value": "4.08 million 60-kg bags (2025/26); 4.14 million forecast (2026/27)" }, { "label": "Production (FAO)", "value": "194,470 t green coffee (2024, estimated value), 12th of 78 countries" }, { "label": "Share of world output", "value": "2.28% (USDA, 2025/26) · 1.75% (FAO, 2024), our calculation" }, { "label": "Species", "value": "Arabica and robusta; robusta 12.3% of production (USDA, 2025/26, our calculation)" }, { "label": "Area", "value": "700,000 ha planted, 660,000 ha harvested (USDA post forecast, 2024/25)" }, { "label": "Where", "value": "14 states; Chiapas, Veracruz, Puebla and Oaxaca grow 89.7% of the cherry (SIAP, 2021 preliminary; our calculation)" }, { "label": "Production (agriculture ministry)", "value": "944,413 t coffee cherry from 642,530 ha harvested (SIAP, 2021 preliminary)" }, { "label": "Altitude", "value": "35% of production at 899 m or higher, 44% at 600–899 m (USDA 2022, citing SADER; our conversion from feet)" }, { "label": "Harvest", "value": "November–April, almost none June–October (USDA, 2022; SIAP, 2021)" }, { "label": "Producers", "value": "More than 500,000, mainly small (agriculture ministry, 2019)" }, { "label": "Coffee year", "value": "October–September (USDA tables and post reports)" }, { "label": "Exports", "value": "2.7 million 60-kg bags forecast (2024/25, USDA post); soluble exports 1.62 million bags (2025/26, USDA)" }, { "label": "Geographical indications", "value": "Café Veracruz (DO, 2000); Café Chiapas (DO, 2003)" } ], "aka": [ "Mexican coffee" ], "linkTerms": [ "Mexican coffee", "Mexico coffee", "Café Veracruz", "Café Chiapas", "Veracruz coffee", "Chiapas coffee", "INMECAFE", "Instituto Mexicano del Café", "AMECAFE", "Oro Azteca", "Soconusco" ], "related": [ "coffee-production-by-country", "the-coffee-belt", "coffea-arabica", "coffea-canephora", "arabica-varieties", "the-timor-hybrid", "coffee-leaf-rust", "harvest-calendars", "crop-year-and-coffee-year", "washed-process", "shade-and-agroforestry", "certifications-and-labels", "auctions-and-competitions", "differentials", "coffee-yields", "coffee-consumption-by-country", "eudr", "guatemala", "honduras" ], "contested": [ "Size of the crop: USDA’s July 2026 tables give 4.08 million 60-kg bags for marketing year 2025/26, which is 244,800 t (our calculation)1; FAO gives 194,470 t of green coffee for calendar year 2024, a value it flags as estimated.3 USDA’s post in Mexico City forecast 3.89 million bags for 2024/25 in May 2024; the July 2026 tables give 3.93 million for that year.5,1 The sources consulted do not explain the differences.", "Shares of the three main states: the agriculture ministry’s statistics service (SIAP) gives Chiapas 40.8%, Veracruz 24.4% and Puebla 15.5% of coffee cherry in 2021 (preliminary)33, and USDA’s 2022 report gives more than 40%, 24% and 15%.6 In USDA’s 2024 report the text gives Chiapas 31%, Veracruz 27.8% and Puebla 25%, while its own table by state gives 38.4%, 25.9% and 18.1% (our calculation).5", "Who the producers are: USDA’s 2022 report, citing a congressional research centre (CEDRSSA), counts 90% of growers as small-scale, with less than 2 ha, and 37% of producers as women6; its 2024 report gives 90% small-scale farms averaging 2.9 ha and, from a 2024 cost study, 22% women.5", "End of INMECAFE: a 2007 study dates the start of its liquidation to 1989 and its end to 1993, when the Mexican Coffee Council was created15; two later studies date its liquidation or disappearance to 1993.16,17" ], "corrections": [], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "title": "Coffee: World Markets and Trade (July 2026)", "authors": "USDA Foreign Agricultural Service", "year": 2026, "publisher": "United States Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service", "url": "https://apps.fas.usda.gov/psdonline/circulars/2026/07/coffee.pdf", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Mexico rows in the Coffee Summary tables Arabica Production, Robusta Production, Production, Soluble Exports, Bean Imports and Domestic Consumption (thousand 60-kg bags, marketing years 2021/22–2026/27); world total for Production. Mexico has no separate row in the Bean Exports, Roast and Ground Exports, Exports or Ending Stocks tables (included in ‘Other’). In the table Marketing Years for Producing Countries (page 5), Mexico is in the October–September column, with Honduras, Guatemala and Vietnam; the same year as USDA’s post reports (sources 5 and 6). Edition of July 2026. Values read from the PDF text layer (first figure in each row = 2021/22). Shares and conversions to tonnes are our calculation.", "quote": "output in countries such as Ethiopia, Mexico, and Peru increased to fill the global supply gap.", "quotes": [ { "text": "rebounding output in Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, and Panama.", "for": "2026/27 forecast" } ], "scope": { "claim": "data", "context": "USDA FAS PSD tables, Mexico, marketing years 2021/22–2026/27; July 2026 edition", "checked": "2026-11-04T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-04T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s2", "title": "Coffee bean production (FAOSTAT, Crops and livestock products, item Coffee, green)", "authors": "Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO); processed by Our World in Data", "year": 2026, "publisher": "FAO via Our World in Data", "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/coffee-bean-production", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "FAO statistics are Tier A; read through Our World in Data, which republishes the FAOSTAT series in tonnes. Values for Mexico, calendar years 1961–2024, read on 4 Nov 2026 from the chart’s filtered CSV download (csvType filtered, country MEX, time 1961..2024) through a summarising fetch that returned all 64 rows. The 2024 value (194,470 t) matches the site’s FAOSTAT extract (source 3). Changes between years are our calculation.", "quotes": [], "scope": { "claim": "data", "context": "FAOSTAT green coffee production, Mexico, calendar years 1961–2024", "checked": "2026-11-04T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-04T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s3", "title": "FAOSTAT: Crops and livestock products (item “Coffee, green”, element “Production”, 2024)", "authors": "Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations", "year": 2026, "publisher": "FAO, licence CC BY 4.0", "url": "https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Values and flags from the FAOSTAT extract of 11 Oct 2026 used by the site’s world coffee map, kept in tools/figures/data/the-coffee-belt-production-faostat-2024.json (78 countries and territories; Mexico 194,470 t, flag E, ‘estimated value’). Rank, sum (11,133,143 t) and share are our calculation.", "quotes": [], "scope": { "claim": "data", "context": "FAOSTAT 2024 extract, 78 countries and territories", "checked": "2026-11-04T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-04T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s4", "title": "Coffee bean yields; Coffee bean production (FAOSTAT, Crops and livestock products, item Coffee, green)", "authors": "Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO); processed by Our World in Data", "year": 2026, "publisher": "FAO via Our World in Data", "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/coffee-yields", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "FAO statistics are Tier A; read through Our World in Data. Mexico, 1961–2024, read on 4 Nov 2026 from the chart’s filtered CSV download through a summarising fetch (1961: 0.4120 t/ha; highest 0.7493 t/ha in 1990; lowest 0.2350 t/ha in 2016; 2024: 0.2948 t/ha; given here in kg/ha).", "quotes": [], "scope": { "claim": "data", "context": "FAOSTAT green coffee yield, Mexico, 1961–2024", "checked": "2026-11-04T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-04T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s5", "title": "Mexico: Coffee Annual (MX2024-0025)", "authors": "USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, Mexico City", "year": 2024, "publisher": "USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, GAIN report", "url": "https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Coffee+Annual_Mexico+City_Mexico_MX2024-0025.pdf", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Government report dated 17 May 2024 (post estimates and forecasts, not official USDA figures). The 2025 and 2026 Mexico Coffee Annuals could not be located or accessed. The report states the October–September marketing year. The area sentence prints ‘700,00 hectares planted’, read as 700,000. Table 1 ‘Post Forecast by State MY 2024/25’ (area harvested in ha, yield in 60-kg bags per ha, production in 60-kg bags) has no source note; its rows sum to 3,895,489 bags and 659,362 ha against printed totals of 3,895,646 and 658,862, its printed national yield (5.03 bags/ha) differs from the 5.1 in the text and from the printed totals (5.91), some rows do not multiply out (Jalisco 3,500 ha × 5.2 = 18,200 bags, printed 15,600), and its shares differ from those in the text (our calculation). The variety sentence spells ‘Catimores’ and ‘Borbon’; Typica and Caturra are named as older criollo types still in production. USDA cites SIAP only for its Figure 1. Read through a summarising fetch; quotes are passages the fetch returned verbatim.", "quote": "Chiapas is the leading producer, contributing 31 percent of the nation's total.", "quotes": [ { "text": "Veracruz and Puebla follow closely behind at 27.8 percent and 25 percent respectively.", "for": "state shares (text)" }, { "text": "Chiapas is a hub for cooperative farming, with over 400 cooperatives and 178,000 producers.", "for": "Chiapas producers" }, { "text": "with 90 percent of coffee growers operating small-scale farms averaging 2.9 hectares", "for": "small farms" }, { "text": "found that the average producer is 54 years old.", "for": "producer age" }, { "text": "Women make up 22 percent of producers, with 41 percent living with a partner.", "for": "women" }, { "text": "Mexico’s robusta coffee production makes up 13-15 percent of the national output.", "for": "robusta share" }, { "text": "This variety thrives in lower-altitude regions of Oaxaca, Veracruz, and Puebla, with Chiapas being the leading producer.", "for": "robusta states" }, { "text": "Mexico is a global leader in both shade-grown and organic coffee.", "for": "organic" }, { "text": "Post forecasts a national yield for MY 2024/25 at 5.1 60 kg/bags/ha.", "for": "yield" }, { "text": "Post forecasts Mexico's coffee exports for marketing year 2024/25 at 2.7 million 60-kilogram bags.", "for": "exports" }, { "text": "The United States remains the top destination for Mexican coffee, encompassing green, roasted, and soluble varieties.", "for": "United States" }, { "text": "which provided coffee producers with 7,300 pesos (U.S. $429) per producer in 2024.", "for": "Producción para el Bienestar" }, { "text": "The Sembrando Vida Program encourages the practice of interplanting coffee with other crops", "for": "Sembrando Vida" }, { "text": "particularly in areas where farmers have switched to rust-resistant coffee varieties.", "for": "rust 2024" } ], "scope": { "claim": "data", "context": "USDA FAS post report, Mexico City; marketing years 2022/23–2024/25, forecast by state for 2024/25", "checked": "2026-11-04T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-04T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s6", "title": "Mexico: Coffee Annual (MX2022-0031)", "year": 2022, "publisher": "USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, GAIN report", "url": "https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Coffee+Annual_Mexico+City_Mexico_MX2022-0031", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Government report, public distribution date 2 June 2022 (post estimates). Same title, url and harvest quote as in the entry Harvest calendars. The altitude shares are attributed to SADER, and the small-scale (90%, under 2 ha) and women (37%) figures to the Center of Studies for Sustainable Rural Development and Food Sovereignty (CEDRSSA); the report does not describe the remaining 21% (our calculation). It also says Veracruz ‘accounts for 25 percent’ of production, one line after giving it 24%. Feet converted to metres by us. Read from the PDF text layer.", "quote": "Although coffee is typically harvested from November to April, contacts indicate that changes in climate are adjusting the time frame from year to year.", "quotes": [ { "text": "approximately 35 percent of Mexico's coffee production is high-altitude arabica coffee grown at 2,950 feet or higher.", "for": "altitude 35%" }, { "text": "Another 44 percent is grown between 1,970 and 2,950 feet above sea level.", "for": "altitude 44%" }, { "text": "with the state of Chiapas accounting for more than 40 percent of national production", "for": "Chiapas share 2022" }, { "text": "The states of Veracruz and Puebla follow with 24 and 15 percent, respectively.", "for": "Veracruz and Puebla 2022" }, { "text": "most coffee growers in Mexico are small-scale (90 percent), with less than two hectares.", "for": "small growers 2022" }, { "text": "Approximately 37 percent of producers are women.", "for": "women 2022" }, { "text": "Robusta production accounts for approximately 14 percent of total production", "for": "robusta 2022" }, { "text": "Robusta can be grown at lower elevations, in full sun, and requires less maintenance than arabica varieties.", "for": "robusta conditions" }, { "text": "varieties like Oro Azteca, Marsellesa, Costa Rica 95, Sarchimor, and varieties from Nicaragua and Guatemala.", "for": "new plantings" }, { "text": "is a significant producer of robusta for soluble coffee.", "for": "Veracruz robusta" } ], "scope": { "claim": "data", "context": "USDA FAS post report, Mexico City; marketing years 2020/21–2022/23", "checked": "2026-11-04T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-04T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s7", "title": "Chiapas: Información Agrícola 2025", "authors": "Comité Estatal de Información Estadística y Geográfica de Chiapas (CEIEG), Dirección de Información Geográfica y Estadística", "year": 2026, "publisher": "Gobierno del Estado de Chiapas", "url": "https://www.ceieg.chiapas.gob.mx/download/2462", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "State statistical office, September 2026, with data from SADER’s Anuario Estadístico de la Producción Agrícola for 2025 (café cereza, i.e. coffee cherry): 243,723.77 ha planted, 241,803.77 ha harvested, 391,690.56 t, 1.62 t/ha, national rank 2 by value. The values are in a table row; the quote is from the running text. Only Chiapas is given. Read through a summarising fetch.", "quote": "También ocupó el segundo lugar a nivel nacional por el valor de la producción de café cereza y cacao.", "quotes": [ { "text": "en tercer lugar el café cereza con 8.87 % del valor de producción y 18.25 % de la superficie estatal cosechada.", "for": "share of state value" } ], "scope": { "claim": "data", "context": "Chiapas, agricultural statistics 2025 (SADER yearbook), café cereza", "checked": "2026-11-04T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-04T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s8", "title": "Acuerdo por el que se dan a conocer las Reglas de Operación del Programa de Fomento a la Agricultura de la Secretaría de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural para el ejercicio 2019", "authors": "Secretaría de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural (SADER)", "year": 2019, "publisher": "Diario Oficial de la Federación, 28 February 2019 (copy in FAOLEX)", "url": "https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/mex191417.pdf", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Federal operating rules; the coffee subcomponent Sustentabilidad y Bienestar para Pequeños Productores de Café (articles 18–23) lists 13 coffee states. The producer estimate is given without a year or method. The rust passage links the fall in production to the loss of plantations, ‘acentuada’ by rust and other diseases; it does not rank rust as the main cause. Read through a summarising fetch.", "quote": "cuya población se estima rebasa los 500,000 productores, mismos que se encuentran en niveles altos de pobreza", "quotes": [ { "text": "Asimismo, los productores de café, que son principalmente pequeños y muchos de ellos de origen indígena,", "for": "small and indigenous" }, { "text": "acentuada en los últimos años por la reemergencia de la roya del café y de otras enfermedades,", "for": "rust" }, { "text": "Colima, Tabasco y el Estado de México.", "for": "coffee states" } ], "scope": { "claim": "description", "context": "Mexico, federal support for small coffee producers, 2019", "checked": "2026-11-04T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-04T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s9", "title": "Declaración General de Protección de la Denominación de Origen “Café Chiapas”", "authors": "Instituto Mexicano de la Propiedad Industrial (IMPI)", "year": 2003, "publisher": "Diario Oficial de la Federación, 27 August 2003 (SIDOF source text)", "url": "https://sidof.segob.gob.mx/notas/docFuente/692302", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Signed 12 August 2003. The SIDOF source text shows no publication date; the date 27 August 2003 is given in the introduction of NOM-169-SCFI-2007 (source 12), and WIPO Lex (MX077) records entry into force on 28 August 2003, the day after publication, as the declaration provides. The application was written on 3 August 2001 and received on 21 August 2001; an extract was published in the DOF on 8 August 2002. Requested by the Comisión para el Desarrollo y Fomento del Café de Chiapas (COMCAFE) in August 2001. Lists twelve regions with their municipalities. The area figures (231,329 ha in Chiapas, 30.39% of 761,165 ha nationally) are those given in the declaration, without a year. Read through a summarising fetch.", "quote": "para amparar café verde o tostado/molido, de la especie Coffea Arábica, cultivado y producido en el Estado de Chiapas.", "quotes": [ { "text": "es aquella que va exclusivamente arriba de los 800 metros sobre el nivel del mar, que corresponde aproximadamente al 75%.", "for": "altitude" }, { "text": "La zona de producción del CAFE CHIAPAS constituye las regiones denominadas:", "for": "regions" }, { "text": "de la superficie estimada a nivel nacional de 761,165 hectáreas.", "for": "national area" }, { "text": "Con fecha 21 de agosto de 2001, la Comisión para el Desarrollo y Fomento del Café de Chiapas (COMCAFE),", "for": "applicant" } ], "scope": { "claim": "definition", "context": "Mexico, denomination of origin Café Chiapas: product, altitude, regions", "checked": "2026-11-04T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-04T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s10", "title": "Declaratoria general de protección a la denominación de origen Café Veracruz", "authors": "Instituto Mexicano de la Propiedad Industrial (IMPI)", "year": 2000, "publisher": "Diario Oficial de la Federación, 15 November 2000 (copy hosted by the Asociación Interamericana de la Propiedad Intelectual, ASIPI)", "url": "https://asipi.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Cafe-de-Veracruz.pdf", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Text of the declaration with the DOF page header ‘Miércoles 15 de noviembre de 2000’ (the hosting page’s line ‘DOF: 31/12/1969’ is an artefact); the same date is given in NOM-149-SCFI-2001 (source 34). Signed 6 November 2000; it records that the extract of the application was published in the DOF on 19 May 2000; application by the Consejo Veracruzano del Café filed 28 March 2000. The declaration names the whole State of Veracruz as the area and sets no altitude. The official DOF page could not be accessed (robots). Read through a summarising fetch.", "quote": "será el Estado de Veracruz.", "quotes": [ { "text": "para amparar el café verde o tostado.", "for": "product" }, { "text": "la altitud de sus plantaciones y la arraigada tradición de fermentar el café recién despulpado", "for": "fermentation tradition" }, { "text": "México, D.F., a 6 de noviembre de 2000.", "for": "signature" } ], "scope": { "claim": "definition", "context": "Mexico, denomination of origin Café Veracruz: product and area", "checked": "2026-11-04T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-04T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s11", "title": "Extracto de la solicitud de declaración general de protección de la denominación de origen Café Veracruz", "authors": "Instituto Mexicano de la Propiedad Industrial (IMPI)", "year": 2000, "publisher": "Diario Oficial de la Federación, 2000 (SIDOF source text)", "url": "https://sidof.segob.gob.mx/notas/docFuente/2055071", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Extract of the application, signed 8 May 2000; the SIDOF source text shows no date, and the declaration (source 10) gives its DOF publication as 19 May 2000. The ten regions are Atzalan, Misantla, Coatepec, Córdoba, Los Tuxtlas, Tezonapa, Zongolica, Huatusco, Papantla and Chicontepec. It reflects the applicant’s description (ten producing regions, 600–1,400 m; 750–1,250 m in section 5.2), not the final declaration (source 10), which names the whole state. Read through a summarising fetch.", "quote": "en alturas que van desde los 600 m hasta los 1400 m sobre el nivel del mar", "quotes": [ { "text": "regiones productoras de Atzalan, Misantla, Coatepec, Córdoba, Los Tuxtlas, Tezonapa, Zongolica, Huatusco", "for": "regions" } ], "scope": { "claim": "description", "context": "Mexico, application for the denomination of origin Café Veracruz, 2000", "checked": "2026-11-04T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-04T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s12", "title": "Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-169-SCFI-2007, Café Chiapas – Especificaciones y métodos de prueba", "authors": "Secretaría de Economía", "year": 2007, "publisher": "Diario Oficial de la Federación, 26 March 2007 (SIDOF source text)", "url": "https://sidof.segob.gob.mx/notas/docFuente/4966402", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Mexican official standard, signed 23 February 2007; the DOF date of 26 March 2007 is from the SIDOF record and was not re-checked (the text itself shows only the signing date). Its introduction gives the DOF date of the Café Chiapas declaration as 27 August 2003. The washed-processing passage is in the informative appendix A; the normative text does not require washed processing, though its grade names are ‘Extra prima lavado’ and ‘Prima lavado’. The specification tables were not used. Read through a summarising fetch.", "quote": "son procesados mediante el sistema de beneficio por vía húmeda", "quotes": [ { "text": "publicada en el Diario Oficial de la Federación el 27 de agosto de 2003", "for": "date of the Café Chiapas declaration" }, { "text": "cultivados a alturas superiores a 800 metros sobre el nivel del mar", "for": "altitude" }, { "text": "producido con cafetos de la especie Coffea, arabica en sus diversas variedades", "for": "species" } ], "scope": { "claim": "definition", "context": "Mexico, official standard for Café Chiapas; processing described in an informative appendix", "checked": "2026-11-04T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-04T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s13", "title": "Modernisation of the Trade part of the EU-Mexico Global Agreement: Intellectual property (text of the agreement in principle, without prejudice)", "authors": "European Commission", "year": 2018, "publisher": "European Commission (copy hosted by the Penn State Center for Agricultural and Shale Law)", "url": "https://aglaw.psu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Mexico-Intellectual-property.pdf", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Commission text published for transparency after the agreement in principle of 21 April 2018; not final. Annex II, Part B lists 20 geographical indications of Mexico, including Café Chiapas and Café Veracruz (product type Coffee). The final GI annex (Annex 25-B) of the Interim Agreement on Trade signed on 22 May 2026 (source 14) was not consulted, so final EU protection is not confirmed here. Read through a summarising fetch.", "quote": "Geographical indications of Mexico as referred to in Article X.32(b)", "quotes": [ { "text": "Café Chiapas Coffee Chiapas, México.", "for": "Café Chiapas" }, { "text": "Café Veracruz Coffee Veracruz, México.", "for": "Café Veracruz" } ], "scope": { "claim": "definition", "context": "EU–Mexico trade agreement in principle (2018), Annex II Part B", "checked": "2026-11-04T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-04T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s14", "title": "EU-Mexico: Council gives final approval to modernised trade agreement", "authors": "Council of the European Union", "year": 2026, "publisher": "Council of the European Union, press release", "url": "https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2026/07/14/eu-mexico-council-gives-final-approval-to-modernised-trade-agreement/", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Press release of 14 July 2026. The agreement was signed on 22 May 2026 and enters into force on the first day of the second month after both parties notify completion of their procedures. It names no Mexican geographical indications. Read through a summarising fetch.", "quote": "The Council today adopted the decision to formally conclude the Interim Agreement on Trade (ITA)", "quotes": [], "scope": { "claim": "description", "context": "EU–Mexico Interim Agreement on Trade: signature 22 May 2026, conclusion by the Council 14 July 2026", "checked": "2026-11-04T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-04T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s15", "title": "Las transformaciones institucionales en la producción y comercialización internacional del café en el siglo XX e inicios del XXI", "authors": "Pérez Akaki, P.", "year": 2007, "publisher": "Problemas del Desarrollo 38(150) (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México)", "url": "https://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0301-70362007000300005", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Peer-reviewed university journal. Gives no founding date for INMECAFE. Read through a summarising fetch; quotes are fragments of longer sentences.", "quote": "en México, en 1989, se inició la liquidación del INMECAFE", "quotes": [ { "text": "terminó en 1993 con la creación del Consejo Mexicano del Café", "for": "Consejo Mexicano del Café" }, { "text": "el instituto Mexicano del Café (INMECAFE), además participó en el beneficio del grano,", "for": "INMECAFE functions" }, { "text": "El 3 de julio de 1989 los miembros de la ICO firmaron una resolución", "for": "end of quotas" } ], "scope": { "claim": "description", "context": "Institutional change in coffee production and trade, 20th century; Mexico and the ICO", "checked": "2026-11-04T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-04T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s16", "title": "Origen, desarrollo y perspectivas de las cooperativas cafetaleras de Huatusco, Veracruz", "authors": "Rojas-Herrera, J. J.; Olguín-Pérez, A. M.", "year": 2018, "publisher": "LiminaR. Estudios Sociales y Humanísticos 16(1), 119–133", "url": "https://www.redalyc.org/journal/745/74556885009/74556885009.pdf", "doi": "10.29043/liminar.v16i1.568", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Peer-reviewed. The count of 12,822 coffee growers in the Huatusco region is cited from a 2011 state innovation plan (Plan de Innovación de la Cafeticultura en el Estado de Veracruz); the same passage puts 3,675 of them in cooperatives (not used). The ‘minifundistas e indígenas’ passage refers to growers nationwide organised in UEPCs from 1973 to 1989. Read through a summarising fetch.", "quote": "creó en 1958 el Instituto Mexicano del Café (INMECAFÉ)", "quotes": [ { "text": "la posterior liquidación del Instituto Mexicano del Café (INMECAFÉ) en 1993", "for": "liquidation" }, { "text": "en la región de Huatusco había 12 822 cafeticultores", "for": "Huatusco growers" }, { "text": "la mayoría de ellos minifundistas e indígenas", "for": "UEPC producers" } ], "scope": { "claim": "description", "context": "Coffee cooperatives in Huatusco, Veracruz; INMECAFE and its liquidation", "checked": "2026-11-04T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-04T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s17", "title": "Transformaciones de la caficultura en Chiapas: un análisis de las crisis desde la perspectiva del ciclo de renovación adaptativa", "authors": "Venegas Sandoval, A.; Soto Pinto, L.; Balente Herrera, O.; Álvarez Gordillo, G.", "year": 2020, "publisher": "Sociedad y Ambiente 23 (El Colegio de la Frontera Sur)", "url": "https://www.redalyc.org/journal/4557/455765022012/455765022012.pdf", "doi": "10.31840/sya.vi23.2188", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Peer-reviewed. The 1927 share cites Renard (1993), Finca Irlanda cites Nájera (2002), and the Soconusco rust figures cite Barrera et al. (2013); the 1846 introduction and the sentences on INMECAFE in 1958 and 1993 carry no citation of their own. Interviews: 143 producers in 30 localities of eight municipalities. Read through a summarising fetch; quotes are fragments of longer sentences.", "quote": "En 1846 el cultivo de café (Coffea arabica) fue introducido en Chiapas por finqueros italianos y alemanes", "quotes": [ { "text": "En 1927 el 79 % del café de Chiapas era producido por extranjeros,", "for": "foreign planters" }, { "text": "En 1958 se creó el INMECAFÉ, que asumió las actividades de la Comisión Nacional del Café y de BEMEX,", "for": "INMECAFE" }, { "text": "La desaparición del INMECAFÉ en 1993 provocó que los caficultores se enfrentaran directamente al mercado,", "for": "INMECAFE end" }, { "text": "En 1967 la finca Irlanda en Chiapas recibió la primera certificación de café orgánico en el país (Najera, 2002).", "for": "organic" }, { "text": "En 2012, la región del Soconusco registró una incidencia del 74 % de la roya del café", "for": "rust Soconusco" }, { "text": "y el 36 % de los cafetos sufrieron defoliación", "for": "defoliation" } ], "scope": { "claim": "description", "context": "History and crises of coffee in Chiapas, 1846–2018", "checked": "2026-11-04T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-04T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s18", "title": "Transculturación y lenguaje contencioso entre los cafetaleros del centro de Veracruz", "authors": "Macip, R. F.", "year": 2004, "publisher": "Bajo el Volcán 4(8), 163–183 (Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla)", "url": "https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/286/28640811.pdf", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Peer-reviewed university journal (anthropology). The 1790 date is cited from Pérez and Díaz (1999), El Café (Universidad Autónoma Chapingo), which was not consulted; given here as attributed. Read through a summarising fetch.", "quote": "El café entró a México por la vía del vecino distrito de Córdoba en 1790", "quotes": [], "scope": { "claim": "description", "context": "Coffee growers of central Veracruz; arrival of coffee in Mexico (attributed)", "checked": "2026-11-04T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-04T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s19", "title": "Manual técnico para el manejo preventivo de la roya del cafeto (DGSV/DPF-CNRF, versión 2013)", "authors": "Dirección General de Sanidad Vegetal (SENASICA)", "year": 2013, "publisher": "SENASICA, Dirección General de Sanidad Vegetal; hosted by the Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia Epidemiológica Fitosanitaria", "url": "https://www.royacafe.lanref.org.mx/Documentos/Manualtecnicoroya.pdf", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Government technical manual dated February 2013. Its national production figure (1,285,832.10 t) spans a page break and has no year or form of coffee, so it is not used. Read through a summarising fetch.", "quote": "dando como resultado la necesidad de integrar una campaña emergente para la atención de la roya del cafeto.", "quotes": [ { "text": "La roya del cafeto hizo su aparición en la cafeticultura mexicana en 1981, en el área del Soconusco Chiapas en los límites", "for": "first record" }, { "text": "Se logró realizar muestreo en 4,455 hectáreas, pertenecientes a 308 productores de los municipios de Tapachula, Unión", "for": "sampling" }, { "text": "Este producto se asperjó en 45,112 hectáreas, pertenecientes a 20,390 productores de los municipios de Unión Juárez,", "for": "copper oxychloride" }, { "text": "También se evaluó la severidad de la enfermedad y se detectaron defoliaciones de 26.5% y 34% causada por la roya.", "for": "defoliation" } ], "scope": { "claim": "description", "context": "Mexico, coffee leaf rust: first record 1981 and emergency campaign in Chiapas, 2012–2013", "checked": "2026-11-04T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-04T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s20", "title": "Del papel a la acción en la mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático: la roya del cafeto en Chiapas", "authors": "Libert-Amico, A.; Paz-Pellat, F.", "year": 2018, "publisher": "Madera y Bosques 24 (núm. especial), e2401914", "url": "https://www.redalyc.org/journal/617/61766247012/61766247012.pdf", "doi": "10.21829/myb.2018.2401914", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Peer-reviewed. The plant numbers are cited from SAGARPA (2016; 210 million certified plants on 70,000–80,000 ha in 2016) and from the Chiapas government (55 million, announced in 2014); the plan is named ‘Plan Integral de Atención del Café’; the 65% fall in Chiapas production is cited from a company website and is not used. Read through a summarising fetch.", "quote": "que ha generado pérdidas importantes en producción de café desde el ciclo 2012/2013", "quotes": [ { "text": "con un brote atípico iniciado en 2012 en la Sierra Madre de Chiapas", "for": "outbreak 2012" }, { "text": "Plan Integral de Atención del Café (Sagarpa, 2016a) como una solución a la crisis", "for": "PIAC" }, { "text": "210 000 000 de plantas certificadas fueron sembradas", "for": "plants 2016" }, { "text": "55 000 000 de plantas resistentes a la roya", "for": "Chiapas plants" }, { "text": "México importó en 2015/2016 más café del que produjo", "for": "imports" }, { "text": "Oro Azteca (una variedad desarrollada en México por INIFAP)", "for": "Oro Azteca" }, { "text": "La plantación de robusta se distingue por ser cultivado con poca o nula sombra", "for": "robusta shade" } ], "scope": { "claim": "description", "context": "Coffee leaf rust in Chiapas since 2012 and the policy response", "checked": "2026-11-04T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-04T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s21", "title": "Oro Azteca", "authors": "World Coffee Research", "publisher": "World Coffee Research, Arabica Coffee Varieties catalogue", "url": "https://varieties.worldcoffeeresearch.org/varieties/oro-azteca", "tier": "A/B", "tierNote": "A for lineage, breeder, release year and rust rating as catalogued (‘Intermediate resistance’, read through the page layout); B for the history narrative. Read through a summarising fetch.", "quote": "Released by INIFAP for Mexican production in 1995.", "quotes": [ { "text": "A cross between Timor Hybrid 832/1 and Caturra.", "for": "lineage" } ], "scope": { "claim": "data", "context": "WCR variety catalogue, Oro Azteca: lineage, breeder, release year", "checked": "2026-11-04T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-04T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s22", "title": "Costa Rica 95", "authors": "World Coffee Research", "publisher": "World Coffee Research, Arabica Coffee Varieties catalogue", "url": "https://varieties.worldcoffeeresearch.org/varieties/costa-rica-95", "tier": "A/B", "tierNote": "A for lineage, breeder (ICAFE) and resistance data as catalogued (‘Low resistance/susceptible’); the confirmed susceptibility is for Costa Rica, and the page adds that it ‘may also be susceptible in other areas of Central America’. The page does not mention Mexico. Read through a summarising fetch.", "quote": "Costa Rica 95 has been confirmed through scientific evaluation to be susceptible to coffee leaf rust in Costa Rica", "quotes": [], "scope": { "claim": "data", "context": "WCR variety catalogue, Costa Rica 95; rust susceptibility confirmed in Costa Rica", "checked": "2026-11-04T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-04T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s23", "title": "Mexico (country page)", "authors": "World Coffee Research", "year": 2026, "publisher": "World Coffee Research", "url": "https://worldcoffeeresearch.org/countries/mexico", "tier": "B", "tierNote": "Country narrative of a research NGO (no date beyond © 2026); B for descriptions and partnerships. Its replanting figures, credited to INIFAP, and its tree-age figure are not used because no Tier A source carries them here. Read through a summarising fetch.", "quote": "While most output is commercial-grade washed arabica,", "quotes": [ { "text": "Robusta is now grown in lowland areas of Veracruz, Chiapas, and Oaxaca,", "for": "robusta areas" }, { "text": "including Mexico’s 2023 entry into the Innovea network via the University of Chapingo.", "for": "Chapingo" }, { "text": "with INECOL in which Mexico hosted 3 sites for the International Multilocation Variety trial", "for": "INECOL" } ], "scope": { "claim": "description", "context": "WCR country narrative for Mexico (© 2026)", "checked": "2026-11-04T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-04T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s24", "title": "Producción y calidad en variedades de café (Coffea arabica L.) en Veracruz, México", "authors": "López-García, F. J.; Escamilla-Prado, E.; Zamarripa-Colmenero, A.; Cruz-Castillo, J. G.", "year": 2016, "publisher": "Revista Fitotecnia Mexicana 39(3), 297–304", "url": "https://www.scielo.org.mx/pdf/rfm/v39n3/0187-7380-rfm-39-03-00297.pdf", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Peer-reviewed. Twenty cultivars at one site in Zentla, Veracruz (19°02′30″ N, 96°47′30″ W, 800 m), five harvests 1998–2003; yields are cherry per plant. The abstract’s statement on Pluma Hidalgo’s cherry-to-parchment ratio appears to contradict Cuadro 3 and is not used. Read through a summarising fetch.", "quote": "Pacamara tuvo la menor producción de fruto, pero presentó la mayor proporción de granos para preparación europea.", "quotes": [ { "text": "en el Municipio de Zentla, Veracruz, a 19º 02’ 30” N, 96º 47’ 30” O a una altitud promedio de 800 m.", "for": "site" } ], "scope": { "claim": "finding", "context": "Arabica variety trial, Zentla, Veracruz, 1998–2003", "checked": "2026-11-04T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-04T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s25", "title": "Centro de Investigación Regional Pacífico Sur (CIRPAS)", "authors": "Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP)", "year": 2026, "publisher": "INIFAP", "url": "https://vun.inifap.gob.mx/portalweb/_Centros?C=600", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Government research institute page. Gives the address of the Campo Experimental Rosario Izapa (written ‘Tuxtla Chixo’) but no coordinates or altitude. Read through a summarising fetch.", "quote": "Dirección: Km. 18 carretera Tapachula - Cachoatán, Rosario Izapa, Tuxtla Chixo, Tapachula, Chiapas C.P. 30870", "quotes": [ { "text": "cultivos industriales (cacao y café)", "for": "research lines" } ], "scope": { "claim": "description", "context": "INIFAP regional centre page: address and research lines of Campo Experimental Rosario Izapa", "checked": "2026-11-04T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-04T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s26", "title": "Decreto por el que se expide la Ley de Desarrollo Sustentable de la Cafeticultura", "authors": "Congreso de la Unión", "year": 2025, "publisher": "Diario Oficial de la Federación, 19 December 2025 (copy in the Chamber of Deputies’ legislative library)", "url": "https://www.diputados.gob.mx/LeyesBiblio/minutas/66/CS-LXVI-I-2P-27/03_dof_a1_27_19dic25.pdf", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "DOF pages of the decree (header ‘Viernes 19 de diciembre de 2025’). It enters into force 180 days after publication, which is 17 June 2026 (our calculation). It creates a national commission but no coffee institute, and does not mention AMECAFE. Read through a summarising fetch.", "quote": "Tiene por objeto normar y fomentar la producción, distribución, industrialización y comercialización del café,", "quotes": [ { "text": "Se crea la Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de la Cafeticultura Mexicana como instancia de diálogo,", "for": "commission" }, { "text": "con el apoyo del Comité Nacional Sistema Producto Café, prestará a las personas integrantes", "for": "Sistema Producto Café" }, { "text": "Primero. La presente Ley entrará en vigor a los ciento ochenta días de su publicación", "for": "entry into force" } ], "scope": { "claim": "definition", "context": "Mexico, federal coffee law of December 2025", "checked": "2026-11-04T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-04T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s27", "title": "Síntesis del Diario Oficial de la Federación, 19 de diciembre de 2025", "authors": "Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación", "year": 2025, "publisher": "Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación", "url": "https://www.supremacorte.gob.mx/sites/default/files/sintesis_dof_gocdmx/documento/2026-01/DOF%2019122025%20S%C3%8DNTESIS.pdf", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Supreme Court digest of the DOF of 19 December 2025 (No. 342/2025, first section, page 6); confirms the publication date of source 26. Read through a summarising fetch.", "quote": "La presente Ley entrará en vigor a los ciento ochenta días de su publicación en el Diario Oficial de la Federación.", "quotes": [], "scope": { "claim": "description", "context": "Supreme Court digest of the DOF of 19 December 2025 (No. 342/2025)", "checked": "2026-11-04T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-04T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s28", "title": "Projected Shifts in Coffea arabica Suitability among Major Global Producing Regions Due to Climate Change", "authors": "Ovalle-Rivera, O.; Läderach, P.; Bunn, C.; Obersteiner, M.; Schroth, G.", "year": 2015, "publisher": "PLoS ONE 10(4), e0124155", "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC4397088", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0124155", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Peer-reviewed. Same title, url and quotes as in the entry Guatemala (checked there on 3 Nov 2026); the Europe PMC page could not be accessed when this entry was written. Results for Mesoamerica as a region, with Mexico named for the largest loss of suitable area (29%).", "quote": "with largest losses for Mexico (29%) and smallest losses for Guatemala (19%)", "quotes": [ { "text": "Guatemala, Mexico, Honduras, and Costa Rica would gain suitability at elevations 1500–2500 masl", "for": "gains" }, { "text": "Higher temperatures would move the climates suitable for Arabica coffee from the current 400–2000 masl to 800–2500 masl.", "for": "Mesoamerica shift" } ], "scope": { "claim": "finding", "context": "Global suitability model, 2050s; Mesoamerica section, Mexico named", "checked": "2026-11-04T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-04T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s29", "title": "Mexico 2025 – Cup of Excellence results", "authors": "Alliance for Coffee Excellence", "year": 2025, "publisher": "Alliance for Coffee Excellence", "url": "https://allianceforcoffeeexcellence.org/mexico-2025/", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "The organiser’s published results (A for its own results). COE auction 24 June 2025; 30 winning coffees in three categories (Traditional Washed, Traditional Honey & Natural, Experimental); 33 lots, because rank 1 was split into 1A and 1B in each category; highest score 91.36 (Finca Santa Cruz, Chiapas, Geisha, washed; lot 1A USD 71.20 per lb, lot 1B USD 73.00 per lb). The page’s archive lists Mexico editions from 2012 but does not state the first year. Read through a summarising fetch.", "quote": "Finca Santa Cruz", "quotes": [], "scope": { "claim": "data", "context": "Cup of Excellence Mexico 2025: published results and auction prices", "checked": "2026-11-04T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-04T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s30", "title": "Mexico 2026 – Cup of Excellence results", "authors": "Alliance for Coffee Excellence", "year": 2026, "publisher": "Alliance for Coffee Excellence", "url": "https://allianceforcoffeeexcellence.org/mexico-2026/", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "The organiser’s published results (A for its own results). COE auction 28 July 2026; 30 ranks in three categories (Washed, Natural and Honey, Experimental), 33 lots because rank 1 was split in each category. Highest score 91.33 (Finca Santa Cruz, Chiapas, Gesha, natural experimental; lot 1A USD 94.70 per lb). Lots by state in the region column (our count): Veracruz 23, Chiapas 5, Oaxaca 2, Puebla 2, Estado de México 1. Read through a summarising fetch.", "quote": "Huehuetepan", "quotes": [], "scope": { "claim": "data", "context": "Cup of Excellence Mexico 2026: published results and auction prices", "checked": "2026-11-04T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-04T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s31", "title": "Coffee C® Futures: contract specifications", "year": 2026, "publisher": "ICE Futures U.S.", "url": "https://www.ice.com/api/productguide/spec/15/pdf", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Exchange product specification; same title and url as in the entry Guatemala; read through a summarising fetch.", "quote": "Coffees judged better are at a premium; those judged inferior are at a discount.", "quotes": [ { "text": "Mexico, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Papua New Guinea, Panama, Tanzania, Uganda, Honduras and Peru at par.", "for": "Mexico at par" } ], "scope": { "claim": "definition", "context": "ICE Coffee C contract specification, deliverable origins", "checked": "2026-11-04T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-04T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s32", "title": "AMECAFÉ (home page)", "authors": "AMECAFÉ", "year": 2026, "publisher": "AMECAFÉ", "url": "https://amecafe.org.mx/", "tier": "B", "tierNote": "Trade body website (B). The page does not state the association’s full name, legal form or founding date. It shows registration for the coffee cycle 2026–2027 for its members (marketers, exporters and customs agents), the FIRCAFÉ trust and the Taza de Excelencia México competition. Read through a summarising fetch.", "quote": "Les informamos que ya pueden comenzar con su registro para el ciclo cafetalero 2026 – 2027", "quotes": [], "scope": { "claim": "description", "context": "AMECAFÉ home page, as of November 2026", "checked": "2026-11-04T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-04T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s33", "title": "Escenario mensual de productos agroalimentarios: Café (13 de octubre de 2021)", "authors": "Servicio de Información Agroalimentaria y Pesquera (SIAP), Dirección de Análisis Estratégico", "year": 2021, "publisher": "SIAP, Secretaría de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural (gob.mx)", "url": "https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/691976/Escenario_cafe_sep21.pdf", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Monthly market bulletin of the agriculture ministry’s statistics service, dated 13 October 2021. Table ‘Superficie y producción de café cereza por entidad federativa 2020 y 2021’, headed ‘Avances a mayo’ for both years: planted area, harvested area (ha) and production (t of coffee cherry) for 14 states, with absolute and percentage change and 2021 shares; 2021 data preliminary; source SIAP. The text calls the 2021 values the preliminary close of the 2021 cycle (‘el cierre preliminar del ciclo 2021’) and says the cycle ended in May (‘concluyó en el mes mayo’). The 2020 column carries the same ‘to May’ heading; the document does not say whether it is a final close, so 2020 is given here only as the table’s comparison value. All 14 rows of planted area, harvested area and production for 2020 and 2021, and the 2021 shares, were checked against the table on 4 Nov 2026. The planted-area figures in the running text follow a sentence that gives the unit (‘hectáreas (ha)’). State rows sum to the printed totals within 3 units (rounding, as the table note states; our calculation). It is the most recent complete SIAP table by state that could be accessed: the July 2024 bulletin of the same series (gob.mx file 938476) could not be accessed, and the October 2022 bulletin (file 784850) gives only early-season values. Yields per hectare are our calculation. Read through a summarising fetch; table values were read as rows of the text layer. Quotes were confirmed verbatim by a second fetch.", "quote": "Chiapas reporta una producción de 384,937 ton, aporta 40.8% al total nacional,", "quotes": [ { "text": "Veracruz con 229,998 y Puebla 146,164 ton, los cuales aportan 24.4% y 15.5%,", "for": "Veracruz and Puebla" }, { "text": "la superficie sembrada fue de 711,708 hectáreas (ha)", "for": "planted area (unit)" }, { "text": "Chiapas destaca con 253,458, Veracruz 145,211 y Oaxaca 134,113", "for": "planted area" }, { "text": "las cosechas representativas inician en noviembre de cada año y finalizan en abril del año siguiente.", "for": "harvest months" }, { "text": "de junio a octubre de cada año prácticamente no se tienen cosechas.", "for": "off-season" }, { "text": "Las compras efectuadas por México tienen como origen Brasil, Vietnam, Nicaragua, Colombia y Estados Unidos,", "for": "import origins" } ], "scope": { "claim": "data", "context": "SIAP, coffee cherry planted and harvested area and production by state, 2020 and 2021 (preliminary), both to May", "checked": "2026-11-04T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-04T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s34", "title": "Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-149-SCFI-2001, Café Veracruz – Especificaciones y métodos de prueba", "authors": "Secretaría de Economía, Dirección General de Normas", "year": 2001, "publisher": "Diario Oficial de la Federación, 7 January 2002 (SIDOF source text)", "url": "https://sidof.segob.gob.mx/notas/docFuente/737179", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Mexican official standard, signed 28 September 2001; DOF page header ‘Lunes 7 de enero de 2002’. Its introduction gives the DOF date of the Café Veracruz declaration (15 November 2000). Scope: Coffea arabica grown above 750 m in the State of Veracruz. It does not require washed processing (grade names include ‘Prima lavado’). Added when the entry was checked, 4 Nov 2026. Read through a summarising fetch.", "quote": "publicada en el Diario Oficial de la Federación el 15 de noviembre de 2000", "quotes": [ { "text": "cultivado a más de 750 metros sobre el nivel del mar", "for": "altitude" } ], "scope": { "claim": "definition", "context": "Mexico, official standard for Café Veracruz", "checked": "2026-11-04T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-04T00:00:00.000Z" } ], "markdown": "## Snapshot\n\nMexico grows mostly arabica (*C. arabica*) and some robusta (*C. canephora*).1 The US Department of Agriculture (USDA) puts the 2025/26 crop at 4.08 million bags of 60 kg, of which 500,000 bags are robusta.1 That is 2.28% of the world total of 178.8 million bags (our calculation).1 For 2026/27, USDA forecasts 4.14 million bags.1\n\nIn the statistics of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Mexico produced 194,470 t of green coffee in 2024, a value FAO marks as estimated.3 That ranks 12th among 78 countries and is 1.75% of their total (our calculation).3 Its national average yield was 295 kg/ha in 2024.4\n\nMost coffee comes from the south and centre of the country, above all Chiapas, Veracruz and Puebla.33,6 Mexico also consumes and imports large volumes: USDA counts 3.16 million bags of domestic consumption and 2.03 million bags of green coffee imports in 2025/26.1\n\n## Where coffee grows\n\nCoffee grows in 13 states in the centre and south of Mexico, according to USDA’s 2022 report.6 The agriculture ministry’s 2019 operating rules list the same number of coffee states, from Chiapas to the Estado de México.8 The ministry’s statistics service (SIAP) lists 14, including Morelos with 28 ha.33\n\n**The main states.** In SIAP’s preliminary figures for 2021, Mexico produced 944,413 t of coffee cherry.33 Chiapas grew 40.8% of it, Veracruz 24.4% and Puebla 15.5%.33 Oaxaca followed with 9.1%.33 Oaxaca has the third-largest planted area but harvested only 0.76 t of cherry per hectare, against 2.24 t in Puebla (our calculation).33 The full table is under Production by state.\n\n
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Interactive relief map of central and southern Mexico. Layers: coffee states with the agriculture ministry’s planted area, harvested area and coffee cherry production for 2021 (preliminary); the Café Veracruz (whole state) and Café Chiapas (twelve regions, above 800 m) denominations of origin, hatched by state; places in the history of coffee and two research sites; and leaf rust, from the first record in the Soconusco to the 2013 campaign.33,7,9,10,24,17,19
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\n\n**Cherry, not green coffee.** Mexico’s official statistics count coffee cherry (*café cereza*), while USDA and FAO count green coffee, so the figures cannot be compared directly.33,1,3 For 2025, the state statistics office of Chiapas reports 391,690.56 t of cherry from 241,803.77 ha harvested.7 Chiapas ranked second nationally by the value of its coffee cherry.7\n\n**Altitude.** According to USDA, citing the agriculture ministry, 35% of production is high-grown arabica at 899 m or higher (source: 2,950 ft; our conversion).6 Another 44% grows at 600–899 m (source: 1,970–2,950 ft).6 The report does not describe the remaining 21% (our calculation).6 The Café Chiapas denomination covers coffee above 800 m, about 75% of the state’s coffee area.9\n\n
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Section from the Pico de Orizaba over Coscomatepec and Huatusco, past the Zentla variety-trial site (800 m), to the Gulf coast at the port of Veracruz. Shaded: 600–1,400 m, the producing zone named in the Café Veracruz application; at the right: USDA’s national classes of 600–899 m (44% of production) and 899 m and higher (35%). Dashed: 1,500 m, above which a 2015 model finds Mexico gaining suitability by the 2050s. Vertical scale exaggerated about 10 times.11,6,24,28
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\n\n## Climate and harvest\n\nCoffee is typically harvested from November to April, according to USDA’s 2022 report and SIAP.6,33 From June to October there is almost no harvest.33 Trade contacts told USDA that changes in climate shift this window from year to year.6 Harvest calendars compares these months with other origins.\n\n**Robusta in the lowlands.** Robusta grows at lower elevations, in full sun, and needs less maintenance than arabica, according to USDA.6 A 2018 study also describes robusta plantings with little or no shade.20\n\n**The coffee year.** USDA uses an October–September marketing year for Mexico, in its world tables and in its post reports from Mexico City.1,5,6 Crop year and coffee year explains the different calendars.\n\n## Farms and people\n\nMexico has more than 500,000 coffee producers, according to the agriculture ministry’s 2019 operating rules.8 The same rules describe them as mainly small, many of indigenous origin, and with high levels of poverty.8 No census count of producers was consulted.\n\n**Small farms.** About 90% of growers are small-scale, according to USDA.5,6 Its 2022 report puts their farms at under 2 ha; its 2024 report gives an average of 2.9 ha (see Contested).6,5 A 2024 study of production costs, cited by USDA, found an average producer age of 54 years.5\n\n**Cooperatives.** Chiapas has over 400 cooperatives and 178,000 producers, according to USDA.5 In the Huatusco region of Veracruz, a 2018 study, citing a 2011 state plan, counts 12,822 coffee growers and describes cooperatives as their preferred form of organisation.16\n\n**Public programmes.** In 2024 the federal programme Producción para el Bienestar paid coffee producers MXN 7,300 each (USD 429, 2024).5 The Sembrando Vida programme encourages planting coffee together with other crops.5\n\n## Varieties\n\nUSDA lists Oro Azteca, Catimors, Sarchimor, Bourbon, Marsellesa, Typica and Caturra among the varieties grown.5 New plantings use pest-resistant varieties such as Oro Azteca, Marsellesa, Costa Rica 95 and Sarchimor.6 No variety census was consulted, so the share of each variety is not known.\n\n**Bred in Mexico.** World Coffee Research catalogues Oro Azteca as a cross of Timor Hybrid 832/1 with Caturra, a Catimor.21 The national research institute INIFAP released it for Mexican production in 1995.21 Costa Rica 95 has the same parentage but was bred in Costa Rica; World Coffee Research records it as confirmed susceptible to leaf rust in Costa Rica.22 The Timor Hybrid explains these lines.\n\n**Older varieties.** A variety trial in Zentla, Veracruz, compared 20 arabica cultivars, among them several Garnica lines, Pluma Hidalgo and two Bourbon types.24 The sources consulted do not document the origin of Garnica.\n\n## Robusta\n\nRobusta is 12.3% of USDA’s 2025/26 production (our calculation).1 USDA’s post reports give about 14% (2022) and 13–15% (2024).6,5 It grows in the lower parts of Chiapas, Oaxaca, Veracruz and Puebla, with Chiapas the leading producer.5 In Veracruz, robusta is grown for soluble coffee, according to USDA.6 USDA counts 1.62 million bags of soluble exports in 2025/26.1\n\n## Processing\n\nMost output is washed arabica of commercial grade, according to World Coffee Research.23 The Café Veracruz declaration names the “deep-rooted tradition” of fermenting freshly pulped coffee as part of the region’s character.10 An informative appendix to the official standard for Café Chiapas describes the coffee as processed by the washed method; the standard itself does not require it.12 No source consulted gives national shares of washed, natural and honey coffee. Washed process and fermentation describe the steps.\n\n## History\n\n**Arrival.** Coffee entered Mexico through the district of Córdoba, in Veracruz, in 1790, according to a 2004 study that cites an earlier book.18 In Chiapas, Italian and German planters introduced it in 1846, according to a 2020 study.17 No primary record of either date was consulted.\n\n**Foreign estates.** In 1927, foreigners produced 79% of the coffee of Chiapas, according to the same 2020 study.17\n\n**INMECAFE.** The state created the Mexican Coffee Institute (INMECAFE) in 1958.16,17 It took part in processing, carried out coffee research and organised producers.15 On 3 July 1989 the members of the International Coffee Organization (ICO) agreed to end the coffee quota system.15 In the same year Mexico began to liquidate INMECAFE; the process ended in 1993 with the creation of the Mexican Coffee Council.15\n\n**Leaf rust.** Coffee leaf rust appeared in Mexico in 1981, in the Soconusco area of Chiapas near the Guatemalan border.19 A severe epidemic began in 2012 (see Leaf rust, 2012–2013 and after).19,20\n\n**A new coffee law.** The Ley de Desarrollo Sustentable de la Cafeticultura was published on 19 December 2025.26,27 It regulates and promotes the production, distribution, processing and marketing of coffee.26\n\n## Trade and institutions\n\n**Exports.** USDA’s post forecast exports of 2.7 million bags of 60 kg for 2024/25.5 The United States is the top destination for Mexican green, roasted and soluble coffee.5 USDA’s July 2026 tables give no separate row for Mexico’s total exports.1\n\n**Institutions.** The 2025 coffee law creates a National Commission for the Development of Mexican Coffee Growing as a forum for dialogue.26 It also refers to the National Coffee Product System Committee (Comité Nacional Sistema Producto Café).26 The trade association AMECAFÉ registers its members for each coffee cycle and runs a national quality competition, according to its website.32\n\n**Geographical indications.** Café Veracruz has been a denomination of origin since a declaration published on 15 November 2000.10,34 Café Chiapas followed on 27 August 2003.9,12 Both appear among the Mexican geographical indications in the EU–Mexico trade text of 2018.13\n\n**Competitions.** Mexico holds a national Cup of Excellence competition and auction.29,30 Auctions and competitions explains the format.\n\n**On the futures market.** Mexican coffee is deliverable against New York’s Coffee “C” contract at par.31 Differentials explains these premiums and discounts.\n\n\n\n## Production over time\n\nThe FAO series runs from 1961. Production rose from 126,616 t in 1961 to its peak of 440,000 t in 1990.2 Between 1991 and 2004 it varied between 277,372 t and 374,153 t, then declined.2 From 246,121 t in 2012 it fell by 38.4% to 151,714 t in 2016, the lowest value since 1963 (our calculation).2 By 2024 it had recovered to 194,470 t, 28.2% above 2016 (our calculation).2\n\n
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Green coffee production of Mexico, 1961–2024, in thousand tonnes, from FAO statistics by calendar year. The peak was 440,000 t in 1990; the low of 151,714 t in 2016 followed the leaf rust epidemic.2
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\n\n| Year | t | Year | t | Year | t | Year | t |\n|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n| 1961 | 126,6162 | 1977 | 182,0102 | 1993 | 335,6272 | 2009 | 264,4722 |\n| 1962 | 139,7942 | 1978 | 241,6022 | 1994 | 324,5002 | 2010 | 245,2712 |\n| 1963 | 137,0692 | 1979 | 220,1912 | 1995 | 324,5262 | 2011 | 237,0562 |\n| 1964 | 156,4772 | 1980 | 220,0402 | 1996 | 374,1532 | 2012 | 246,1212 |\n| 1965 | 162,1492 | 1981 | 262,9042 | 1997 | 368,3152 | 2013 | 231,5962 |\n| 1966 | 183,0052 | 1982 | 251,7682 | 1998 | 277,3722 | 2014 | 214,6672 |\n| 1967 | 224,5052 | 1983 | 307,9482 | 1999 | 302,1192 | 2015 | 188,9342 |\n| 1968 | 212,6562 | 1984 | 239,8702 | 2000 | 338,1702 | 2016 | 151,7142 |\n| 1969 | 172,7342 | 1985 | 260,1972 | 2001 | 302,9962 | 2017 | 153,7772 |\n| 1970 | 185,2932 | 1986 | 374,8282 | 2002 | 313,0272 | 2018 | 158,3082 |\n| 1971 | 187,4952 | 1987 | 336,1802 | 2003 | 310,8612 | 2019 | 165,7122 |\n| 1972 | 203,4622 | 1988 | 423,0002 | 2004 | 312,4132 | 2020 | 175,5552 |\n| 1973 | 221,7182 | 1989 | 343,4402 | 2005 | 294,3642 | 2021 | 174,3412 |\n| 1974 | 220,7672 | 1990 | 440,0002 | 2006 | 279,6352 | 2022 | 188,7102 |\n| 1975 | 228,2642 | 1991 | 334,3302 | 2007 | 268,5652 | 2023 | 194,9402 |\n| 1976 | 212,2002 | 1992 | 359,6652 | 2008 | 260,4422 | 2024 | 194,4702 |\n\nValues given with decimals in the source (2017–2021) are rounded to whole tonnes. FAO marks the 2024 value as estimated.2,3\n\n**Yield.** FAO’s average yield was 295 kg/ha in 2024.4 It was 412 kg/ha in 1961, reached its highest value, 749 kg/ha, in 1990, and its lowest, 235 kg/ha, in 2016.4 USDA’s post forecast 5.1 bags of 60 kg per hectare for 2024/25, which is 306 kg/ha (our calculation).5 Coffee yields compares origins.\n\n**USDA’s recent series.** In USDA’s July 2026 tables, production was 3.74 million bags in 2021/22, 3.55 million in 2022/23, 3.86 million in 2023/24, 3.93 million in 2024/25 and 4.08 million in 2025/26.1 Robusta made up 540,000, 545,000, 500,000, 340,000 and 500,000 bags of these.1 USDA forecasts 4.14 million bags, 560,000 of them robusta, for 2026/27.1\n\n**Area.** USDA’s post forecast 700,000 ha planted and 660,000 ha harvested for 2024/25.5 The 2003 Café Chiapas declaration gave a national coffee area of 761,165 ha, without a year.9\n\n## Production by state\n\nThe agriculture ministry’s statistics service (SIAP) publishes planted area, harvested area and production of coffee cherry by state.33 The most recent complete table consulted is for 2021, a preliminary close of the cycle, which ended in May.33 Newer bulletins of the same series could not be accessed or give only early-season values.\n\n
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Coffee cherry production by state, Mexico, 2021 (preliminary), in thousand tonnes, with names as in the source. Data: SIAP, agriculture ministry.33
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\n\n| State | Planted area (ha) | Harvested area (ha) | Production (t cherry) | Share of production | t cherry per ha (our calculation) |\n|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n| Chiapas | 253,45833 | 239,26633 | 384,93733 | 40.8%33 | 1.61 |\n| Veracruz | 145,21133 | 126,54433 | 229,99833 | 24.4%33 | 1.82 |\n| Puebla | 70,67433 | 65,14533 | 146,16433 | 15.5%33 | 2.24 |\n| Oaxaca | 134,11333 | 112,69633 | 85,66333 | 9.1%33 | 0.76 |\n| Guerrero | 45,54933 | 40,48933 | 38,96133 | 4.1%33 | 0.96 |\n| Hidalgo | 23,07033 | 23,01533 | 29,26833 | 3.1%33 | 1.27 |\n| Nayarit | 16,16733 | 11,91633 | 10,39033 | 1.1%33 | 0.87 |\n| San Luis Potosí | 16,14933 | 16,14633 | 9,80333 | 1.0%33 | 0.61 |\n| Jalisco | 3,48333 | 3,48333 | 4,77633 | 0.5%33 | 1.37 |\n| Colima | 2,72033 | 2,71833 | 3,34433 | 0.4%33 | 1.23 |\n| México (state) | 53133 | 53133 | 59033 | 0.06%33 | 1.11 |\n| Tabasco | 35833 | 35833 | 42133 | 0.04%33 | 1.18 |\n| Querétaro | 19933 | 19933 | 6033 | 0.01%33 | 0.30 |\n| Morelos | 2833 | 2733 | 3933 | 0.004%33 | 1.44 |\n| Total | 711,70833 | 642,53033 | 944,41333 | 100%33 | 1.47 |\n\nShares are as printed by SIAP; yields per hectare are our calculation.33 The state rows add up to the printed totals within 3 units, which the table note puts down to rounding (our calculation).33 For comparison, the same table gives 958,363 t from 636,004 ha harvested for 2020, also counted to May, so 2021 was 1.5% lower.33 Chiapas, Veracruz and Oaxaca have the largest planted areas.33 Puebla harvested 58% of Oaxaca’s area but grew 1.7 times as much cherry (our calculation).33\n\n**USDA’s forecast by state.** USDA’s post in Mexico City published its own table for 2024/25, in 60-kg bags of green coffee, without naming a source.5\n\n| State | Area harvested (ha) | Yield (60-kg bags per ha) | Production (60-kg bags) | Share (our calculation) |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| Chiapas | 241,0005 | 6.25 | 1,494,2005 | 38.4% |\n| Veracruz | 138,0005 | 7.35 | 1,007,4005 | 25.9% |\n| Puebla | 70,0005 | 10.15 | 707,0005 | 18.1% |\n| Oaxaca | 120,0005 | 3.05 | 360,0005 | 9.2% |\n| Guerrero | 30,0005 | 3.65 | 108,0005 | 2.8% |\n| Hidalgo | 22,0005 | 4.45 | 96,8005 | 2.5% |\n| San Luis Potosí | 15,0005 | 3.25 | 48,0005 | 1.2% |\n| Nayarit | 16,0005 | 2.65 | 41,6005 | 1.1% |\n| Jalisco | 3,5005 | 5.25 | 15,6005 | 0.4% |\n| Colima | 2,7505 | 4.65 | 12,8805 | 0.3% |\n| México (state) | 5315 | 4.15 | 1,8945 | <0.1% |\n| Tabasco | 3585 | 4.55 | 1,6085 | <0.1% |\n| Querétaro | 1995 | 2.15 | 3785 | <0.1% |\n| Morelos | 245 | 5.45 | 1295 | <0.1% |\n| Total as printed | 658,8625 | 5.035 | 3,895,6465 | – |\n\nThe rows sum to 3,895,489 bags and 659,362 ha, slightly different from the printed totals (our calculation).5 Shares are of the row sum. The same report’s text gives Chiapas 31%, Veracruz 27.8% and Puebla 25%, citing no source (see Contested).5\n\n**Chiapas in 2025.** For 2025, the agriculture ministry’s yearbook, as reported by the Chiapas statistics office, gives 243,723.77 ha planted and 241,803.77 ha harvested.7 Production was 391,690.56 t of coffee cherry, at 1.62 t/ha.7 Coffee cherry was third among the state’s crops by value, with 8.87% of it.7 The 2021 SIAP values for Chiapas are close: 253,458 ha planted and 384,937 t.33\n\n## Leaf rust, 2012–2013 and after\n\n| Item | Value | Source |\n|---|---|---|\n| First record in Mexico | 1981, Soconusco, Chiapas, near the border with Guatemala | SENASICA 201319 |\n| Start of the epidemic | Atypical outbreak from 2012 in the Sierra Madre de Chiapas; abnormal humidity and temperature in September–October 2012 | Libert-Amico and Paz-Pellat 201820; SENASICA 201319 |\n| Incidence, Soconusco, 2012 | 74%; 36% of coffee trees defoliated | Venegas Sandoval et al. 202017 |\n| Emergency campaign, Chiapas | 4,455 ha of 308 producers sampled; defoliation of 26.5% and 34% | SENASICA 201319 |\n| Fungicide | Copper oxychloride sprayed on 45,112 ha of 20,390 producers | SENASICA 201319 |\n| FAO production, 2012 to 2016 | 246,121 t to 151,714 t (−38.4%, our calculation) | FAO2 |\n| Renewal | Plan Integral de Atención del Café; 210 million certified plants planted in 2016 (on 70,000–80,000 ha) | Libert-Amico and Paz-Pellat 201820 |\n| Chiapas | 55 million rust-resistant plants announced by the state government in 2014 | Libert-Amico and Paz-Pellat 201820 |\n\n**The official response.** In early 2013 the plant health service SENASICA described an emergency campaign against leaf rust in Chiapas.19 It sampled farms in the Soconusco, sprayed copper oxychloride and trained producers.19 A 2013 campaign then extended the work to Chiapas, Oaxaca, Puebla and Veracruz.19 The 2019 operating rules link the fall in coffee production to the loss of plantations, made worse by the re-emergence of leaf rust and other diseases.8\n\n**Imports.** In 2015/16 Mexico imported more coffee than it produced, according to a 2018 study.20 No ICO figures for Mexico’s rust losses were found; the ICO’s 2013 rust report covers Central America excluding Mexico.\n\n**Since then.** In USDA’s 2024 report, the impact of rust had declined where producers had switched to rust-resistant varieties.5 Coffee leaf rust explains races and resistance.\n\n## Exports\n\n| Item | Value | Source |\n|---|---|---|\n| Exports, post forecast 2024/25 | 2.7 million 60-kg bags | USDA 20245 |\n| Main market | United States, for green, roasted and soluble coffee | USDA 20245 |\n| Soluble exports, USDA tables | 695,000 (2021/22) to 1.62 million bags (2025/26); 1.63 million forecast (2026/27) | USDA1 |\n| Origins of imports (2021) | Brazil, Vietnam, Nicaragua, Colombia and the United States | SIAP33 |\n| Green coffee imports, USDA tables | 1.81 million (2021/22) to 2.03 million bags (2025/26); 2.10 million forecast (2026/27) | USDA1 |\n| Domestic consumption, USDA tables | 2.85 million (2021/22) to 3.16 million bags (2025/26) | USDA1 |\n| Coffee “C” contract | Deliverable at par | ICE31 |\n\nUSDA’s tables include Mexico’s bean exports in “Other”, so no total export series is given here.1 Soluble exports more than doubled between 2021/22 and 2025/26 (our calculation).1\n\n## Geographical indications\n\n| Item | Café Veracruz | Café Chiapas |\n|---|---|---|\n| Type | Denomination of origin (IMPI)10 | Denomination of origin (IMPI)9 |\n| Applicant | Consejo Veracruzano del Café, application of 28 March 200010 | Comisión para el Desarrollo y Fomento del Café de Chiapas (COMCAFE), 20019 |\n| Declaration | Signed 6 November 2000, published 15 November 200010,34 | Signed 12 August 2003, published 27 August 20039,12 |\n| Legal area | The State of Veracruz10 | Twelve regions of Chiapas and their municipalities9 |\n| Altitude | None in the declaration; the application named 600–1,400 m11; the official standard, above 750 m34 | Above 800 m9,12 |\n| Product | Green or roasted coffee10 | Green or roasted and ground *C. arabica*9 |\n| Official standard | NOM-149-SCFI-2001: *C. arabica*, grown above 750 m34 | NOM-169-SCFI-2007: *C. arabica*, above 800 m; washed processing described in an informative appendix12 |\n| EU | Listed in the 2018 agreement-in-principle text13 | Listed in the 2018 agreement-in-principle text13 |\n| United Kingdom | Not found | Not found |\n\n**Café Chiapas regions.** The declaration names the regions Ocozocoautla, San Cristóbal de las Casas, Copainalá, Comitán, Ángel Albino Corzo, Pichucalco, Bochil, Palenque, Ocosingo, Yajalón, Motozintla and Tapachula.9 It gives the coffee area of Chiapas as 231,329 ha, 30.39% of a national 761,165 ha.9\n\n**Café Veracruz regions.** The application named ten producing regions, among them Atzalan, Misantla, Coatepec, Córdoba, Huatusco and Zongolica.11 The declaration itself sets the whole state as the area.10\n\n**In the EU.** The European Commission’s 2018 text of the trade agreement in principle lists both names among 20 Mexican geographical indications.13 The EU and Mexico signed the Interim Agreement on Trade on 22 May 2026, and the Council approved its conclusion on 14 July 2026.14 The final list of protected names in that agreement was not consulted.\n\n## Cup of Excellence\n\nThe 2025 auction was held on 24 June 2025, with 30 winning coffees.29 The highest score, 91.36, went to a washed Geisha from Finca Santa Cruz in Chiapas, split into lot 1A, sold at USD 71.20 per lb, and lot 1B, at USD 73.00 per lb (2025).29 The 2026 auction was held on 28 July 2026.30 Its highest score, 91.33, again went to Finca Santa Cruz, for a natural experimental Gesha; lot 1A sold at USD 94.70 per lb (2026).30 Of the 33 lots in 2026, 23 came from Veracruz and five from Chiapas (our count).30 Auctions and competitions compares prices across countries.\n\n## Organic and shade-grown coffee\n\nMexico is a global leader in shade-grown and organic coffee, according to USDA.5 The first organic certification of a Mexican coffee went to Finca Irlanda in Chiapas in 1967, according to a 2020 study.17 No source consulted gives the current organic area or volume. Shade and agroforestry and Certifications and labels cover the systems and labels.\n\n## Research\n\nThe national institute for forestry, agricultural and livestock research (INIFAP) bred Oro Azteca.21 Its Campo Experimental Rosario Izapa, near Tapachula in Chiapas, works on coffee and cacao.25 According to World Coffee Research, Mexico joined its Innovea network in 2023 through the Universidad Autónoma Chapingo.23 With the Instituto de Ecología (INECOL), Mexico hosted three sites of its International Multilocation Variety Trial.23\n\n**A variety trial in Veracruz.** A 2016 study followed 20 arabica cultivars over five harvests (1998–2003) in Zentla, Veracruz, at 800 m.24 Pacamara gave the lowest cherry yield but the highest share of large beans for “European preparation”.24 Catuaí Amarillo gave the highest yield, 23.8 kg of cherry per plant.24\n\n## Climate risk\n\nA 2015 global model projects that climates suitable for arabica in Mesoamerica move from 400–2,000 m to 800–2,500 m by the 2050s.28 Mexico has the largest loss of suitable area in the region, 29%.28 It gains suitability at 1,500–2,500 m.28 These are model projections, not forecasts by Coffearium.\n\nUSDA places 44% of Mexican production at 600–899 m (our conversion).6 Most of that band lies below 800 m, the lower limit of suitable climates the model projects for the 2050s (our reading).6,28\n\n## Reference values\n\n| Parameter | Value | Source |\n|---|---|---|\n| Production, USDA | 4.08 million 60-kg bags (2025/26); 4.14 million forecast (2026/27) | USDA1 |\n| Production, FAO | 194,470 t (2024, estimated); peak 440,000 t (1990) | FAO2,3 |\n| Share of world output | 2.28% (2025/26, USDA); 1.75% (2024, FAO); our calculation | USDA1, FAO3 |\n| Robusta | 12.3% of production (2025/26, our calculation); 13–15% (USDA post, 2024) | USDA1,5 |\n| Coffee area | 700,000 ha planted; 660,000 ha harvested (2024/25 forecast) | USDA 20245 |\n| Yield | 295 kg/ha (FAO, 2024) | FAO4 |\n| Production, SIAP | 944,413 t coffee cherry from 642,530 ha harvested (2021, preliminary) | SIAP33 |\n| Main states | Chiapas 40.8%, Veracruz 24.4%, Puebla 15.5%, Oaxaca 9.1% of cherry (2021, preliminary) | SIAP33 |\n| Altitude | 35% of production at ≥899 m; 44% at 600–899 m (our conversion) | USDA 20226 |\n| Harvest | November to April | USDA 20226, SIAP33 |\n| Producers | More than 500,000 | SADER 20198 |\n| Soluble exports | 1.62 million 60-kg bags (2025/26) | USDA1 |\n| Coffee “C” differential | Par | ICE31 |\n| Café Veracruz | Denomination of origin, DOF 15 November 2000 | IMPI10, NOM-14934 |\n| Café Chiapas | Denomination of origin, DOF 27 August 2003; above 800 m | IMPI9, NOM-16912 |\n| Coffee law | Ley de Desarrollo Sustentable de la Cafeticultura, DOF 19 December 2025 | Congreso26 |\n\n## Open questions\n\n- **Production by state.** The most recent complete SIAP table by state consulted is for 2021 (preliminary); SIAP’s closing statistics for 2022–2025 by state could not be accessed, and only Chiapas has an official 2025 value here.33,7\n- **Cherry and green coffee.** SIAP counts coffee cherry, USDA and FAO green coffee; no official conversion factor for Mexico was consulted, so the series are not converted.33,1,3\n- **Size of the crop.** USDA’s 4.08 million bags for 2025/26 is 244,800 t (our calculation), far above FAO’s estimated 194,470 t for 2024 (see Contested).1,3\n- **Producers.** The figure of more than 500,000 producers has no year or method in the source, and no census count or indigenous share was consulted.8\n- **EU protection.** The final list of Mexican geographical indications in the 2026 Interim Agreement on Trade was not consulted.13,14\n- **Processing and organic shares.** No source consulted gives national shares of washed, natural or honey coffee, or the organic area.\n- **Variety shares.** No variety census was consulted; the origin of Garnica is not documented here.\n- **Early history.** The dates 1790 (Veracruz) and 1846 (Chiapas) come from secondary accounts; no primary record was consulted.18,17\n\n## Key studies\n\n
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Venegas Sandoval et al., 2020 – Crises in Chiapas coffee. Traces coffee in Chiapas from its introduction in 1846 through the foreign estates, INMECAFE, the 1989 price crisis and the 2012 leaf rust epidemic. It uses the idea of adaptive renewal cycles and interviews with 143 producers in eight municipalities.

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Sociedad y Ambiente 23 · doi:10.31840/sya.vi23.2188

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Libert-Amico and Paz-Pellat, 2018 – Leaf rust and climate policy in Chiapas. Reviews the rust outbreak that began in 2012 in the Sierra Madre de Chiapas and the federal and state response. It records the mass planting of certified plants and the shift towards robusta grown with little shade.

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Madera y Bosques 24 (special issue), e2401914 · doi:10.21829/myb.2018.2401914

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López-García et al., 2016 – Coffee varieties in Veracruz. Compared yield and quality of 20 arabica cultivars at 800 m in Zentla, Veracruz, over five harvests. Catuaí Amarillo yielded most cherry per plant; Pacamara yielded least but had the largest beans and the best aroma, acidity and body scores.

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Revista Fitotecnia Mexicana 39(3), 297–304 · SciELO México

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Ovalle-Rivera et al., 2015 – Arabica suitability under climate change. Modelled suitability for arabica in the main producing regions by the 2050s. In Mesoamerica suitable climates move upwards; Mexico loses the largest share of suitable area in the region.

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PLoS ONE 10(4), e0124155 · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0124155

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