{ "id": "uganda", "url": "https://coffearium.org/entries/uganda/", "license": "CC-BY-4.0", "title": "Uganda", "summary": "Africa’s main robusta origin and a home of wild Coffea canephora, grown by smallholders around Lake Victoria and in the west, with washed and natural arabica from Mount Elgon, the Rwenzori and West Nile.", "domain": "origin", "kind": "Region", "stage": "farm", "topics": [ "history" ], "topicSections": {}, "lang": "en", "status": "verified", "reviewer": "Coffearium verification pass", "lastVerified": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z", "literatureSearched": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z", "updated": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z", "added": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z", "brief": [ "Uganda produced 7.10 million bags of 60 kg in 2025/26, 5.98 million robusta and 1.12 million arabica, by the count of the US Department of Agriculture (USDA).1", "In FAO statistics, Uganda produced 402,000 t of green coffee in 2024, the sixth-largest crop among 78 countries (our calculation).3", "Uganda is a centre of diversity of wild *C. canephora*; native populations grow in forests such as Mabira, Kalangala, Zoka, Budongo, Itwara and Kibale.18", "The national research institute NaCORI lists 10 robusta clones resistant to coffee wilt disease, KR1 to NARO KR10.20", "A 2024 amendment, assented on 20 December 2024, provides for dissolving the Uganda Coffee Development Authority (UCDA); USDA reports its functions moved to the agriculture ministry in 2025.15,16,5" ], "quickFacts": [ { "label": "Production (USDA)", "value": "7.10 million 60-kg bags (2025/26); 7.16 million forecast (2026/27)" }, { "label": "Production (FAO)", "value": "402,000 t green coffee (2024; peak 507,000 t in 2022)" }, { "label": "Share of world output", "value": "4.0% (USDA, 2025/26) · 3.6% (FAO, 2024), our calculation" }, { "label": "Species", "value": "Robusta 5.98, arabica 1.12 million bags (USDA, 2025/26); robusta 84% of the crop (our calculation)" }, { "label": "Share of world robusta", "value": "7.1%, fourth after Vietnam, Brazil and Indonesia (USDA, 2025/26, our calculation)" }, { "label": "Exports", "value": "6.70 million bags (USDA, 2025/26); 8 million bags in coffee year 2025/26 (national monthly report)" }, { "label": "Area", "value": "590,000 ha planted (2025/26), 595,000 ha forecast (2026/27), USDA post estimates" }, { "label": "Producers", "value": "Smallholders on 0.5–2.5 ha grow about 90% of the crop (USDA, 2026); household counts differ by source (see Contested)" }, { "label": "Harvest", "value": "All year, with peaks November–February and June–September (USDA, 2014); main crops differ north and south of the equator" }, { "label": "Coffee year", "value": "October–September (USDA marketing year and national monthly reports)" } ], "aka": [ "Ugandan coffee" ], "linkTerms": [ "Ugandan coffee", "Uganda coffee", "Bugisu", "Mount Elgon" ], "related": [ "coffee-production-by-country", "the-coffee-belt", "coffea-canephora", "coffea-arabica", "arabica-or-robusta", "liberica-and-excelsa", "coffee-wilt-disease", "arabica-varieties", "harvest-calendars", "crop-year-and-coffee-year", "natural-process", "washed-process", "hulling-and-dry-milling", "green-coffee-grading", "coffee-yields", "living-income", "coffee-futures", "eudr", "kenya", "ethiopia" ], "contested": [ "Size of the crop: USDA gives 7.10 million bags (425,700 t, our calculation) for marketing year 2025/26 (October–September)1; FAO gives 402,000 t for calendar year 2024, a figure taken from an external organisation (flag X).3 USDA’s Nairobi office printed lower official figures for 2025/26 in May 2026 (1.06 million bags arabica, 5.815 million robusta) than its own post estimates.5", "Exports in coffee year 2025/26: 8 million bags in the national monthly report for October 2025 to September 20269; 6.70 million bags in USDA’s July 2026 estimate for the same October–September year.1 The national figure for November 2024 to October 2025 is 8.4 million bags.10 The national series counts certified exports; USDA’s is an estimate made before the year ended.", "Number of coffee households: about 1.7 million households (ICO profile, prepared with UCDA, 2019; no year of data)8; an estimated 2.5 million households, and elsewhere in the same document over 2.8 million (agriculture ministry, 2026)32; robusta grown by about 21% and arabica by 7% of about 7 million agricultural households in 2019 (statistics office)14; about 500,000 farmers (USDA, 2014, citing UCDA).6 A 2023 review instead gives 1.7 million people engaged in coffee farming, citing UCDA (2017).18 The ICO figure and the review’s figure both trace back to UCDA and are not independent.8,18", "Altitude: the ICO profile gives robusta at 900–1,500 m in its foreword, 1,200–1,500 m in its history section and 800–1,400 m in its production section, and arabica at 1,300–2,300 m in the foreword but “2,300 to 6,000 metres” in the production section8; an undated profile of the Uganda Investment Authority gives robusta up to 1,200 m and arabica at 1,500–2,300 m.13", "First coffee institution: the ICO profile names a Coffee Board set up in 1929, which became the Coffee Industry Board in 19438; a 2006 World Bank paper dates the Coffee Industry Board to 1930.27 Both sources put the Coffee Marketing Board in 1959.8,27", "Arabica introduction: a 2023 review states that arabica “was believed to have been introduced into cultivation in Uganda in 1900”18, and the 2006 World Bank paper gives 1900 as an estate crop27; the ICO profile gives other dates for Bugisu and for seed from Malawi, which rest on that one source and are not given here.8" ], "corrections": [], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "title": "Coffee: World Markets and Trade (July 2026)", "authors": "USDA Foreign Agricultural Service", "year": 2026, "publisher": "United States Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service", "url": "https://apps.fas.usda.gov/psdonline/circulars/2026/07/coffee.pdf", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Uganda rows in the Coffee Summary tables Arabica Production, Robusta Production, Production, Bean Exports, Exports and Ending Stocks (thousand 60-kg bags, marketing years 2021/22–2026/27); world totals for Production and Robusta Production; Uganda’s marketing year (October–September) from the table Marketing Years for Producing Countries. Edition of July 2026. Values read through a summarising fetch. Shares, ranks and conversions to tonnes are our calculation.", "quote": "due to record output in Brazil, Ethiopia, Uganda, and Vietnam.", "quotes": [], "scope": { "claim": "data", "context": "USDA FAS PSD tables, Uganda, marketing years 2021/22–2026/27 (October–September); July 2026 edition", "checked": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s2", "title": "Coffee bean production (FAOSTAT, Crops and livestock products, item Coffee, green)", "authors": "Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO); processed by Our World in Data", "year": 2026, "publisher": "FAO via Our World in Data", "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/coffee-bean-production", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "FAO statistics are Tier A; read through Our World in Data, which republishes the FAOSTAT series in tonnes. Values for Uganda, calendar years 1961–2024, read on 2 Nov 2026 from the chart’s filtered CSV download through a summarising fetch; the 2024 value (402,000 t) matches the site’s FAOSTAT extract.", "quotes": [], "scope": { "claim": "data", "context": "FAOSTAT green coffee production, Uganda, calendar years 1961–2024", "checked": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s3", "title": "FAOSTAT: Crops and livestock products (item “Coffee, green”, element “Production”, 2024)", "authors": "Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations", "year": 2026, "publisher": "FAO, licence CC BY 4.0", "url": "https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Values and flags from the FAOSTAT extract of 11 Oct 2026 used by the site’s world coffee map, kept in tools/figures/data/the-coffee-belt-production-faostat-2024.json (78 countries and territories; Uganda 402,000 t, flag X, ‘value from external organization’). Rank, sum and share are our calculation.", "quotes": [], "scope": { "claim": "data", "context": "FAOSTAT 2024 extract, 78 countries and territories", "checked": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s4", "title": "Coffee bean yields; Coffee bean production (FAOSTAT, Crops and livestock products, item Coffee, green)", "authors": "Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO); processed by Our World in Data", "year": 2026, "publisher": "FAO via Our World in Data", "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/coffee-yields", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "FAO statistics are Tier A; read through Our World in Data. Uganda, 1961–2024, read on 2 Nov 2026 from the chart’s filtered CSV download through a summarising fetch (2024: 0.5458 t/ha, given here as 546 kg/ha).", "quotes": [], "scope": { "claim": "data", "context": "FAOSTAT green coffee yield, Uganda, 1961–2024", "checked": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s5", "title": "Uganda: Coffee Annual (UG2026-0001)", "authors": "Miriti, M. (USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, Nairobi)", "year": 2026, "publisher": "USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, GAIN report", "url": "https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Coffee+Annual_Nairobi_Uganda_UG2026-0001.pdf", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Government report dated 20 May 2026 (post estimates and forecasts, not official USDA figures). Read through a summarising fetch; the quotes are the phrases it returned. Area, PSD values (post estimates and the official USDA columns printed beside them) and export destinations (MY 2024/25, share of exports) from its tables. It gives no number of farmers, no districts, no altitudes and no harvest months.", "quote": "Small farms dominate the sector and account for about 90 percent of total production", "quotes": [ { "text": "Uganda's smallholder coffee farmers typically farm on 0.5 to 2.5 hectares of land.", "for": "farm size" }, { "text": "Robusta coffee is mainly grown in the central region", "for": "robusta region" }, { "text": "Arabica coffee is mainly cultivated in the high-altitude areas of the eastern and western regions", "for": "arabica regions" }, { "text": "emerging production areas in the north", "for": "northern Uganda" }, { "text": "Small-scale farmers frequently sun dry robusta coffee while large scale farmers wet mill.", "for": "robusta processing" }, { "text": "Arabica coffee is typically wet processed before being hulled, graded, and packed for export.", "for": "arabica processing" }, { "text": "In 2025, the Government of Uganda restructured the Uganda Coffee Development Authority", "for": "restructuring" }, { "text": "integrating its functions into the Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries", "for": "transfer to MAAIF" }, { "text": "FAS Nairobi forecasts the area planted in MY 2026/27 at 595,000 hectares, up from 590,000 hectares in MY 2025/26", "for": "area planted" }, { "text": "Post forecasts a modest increase in domestic coffee consumption to 335,000 bags in MY 2026/27", "for": "domestic consumption" }, { "text": "Coffee production is largely rain-fed, with rainfall generally sufficient to support production.", "for": "rain-fed" }, { "text": "the twig borer is the most common pest", "for": "pests (as reported by farmers)" }, { "text": "Uganda's export coffee prices increased from $2.50/kg in MY 2021/22 to a peak of $4.64/kg in MY 2024/25", "for": "export prices" } ], "scope": { "claim": "data", "context": "USDA post estimates for Uganda, MY 2024/25–2026/27; export destinations MY 2024/25", "checked": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s6", "title": "Uganda: Coffee Annual (2014)", "year": 2014, "publisher": "USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, GAIN report", "url": "https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Coffee+Annual_Nairobi_Uganda_5-7-2014.pdf", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Government report dated 7 May 2014; describes the sector as of 2014. Read through a summarising fetch.", "quote": "Coffee harvesting is done all year around with two major peaks, November to February and June to September.", "quotes": [ { "text": "Uganda fully liberalized its coffee sector in 1991.", "for": "liberalisation" }, { "text": "Arabica coffees are grown on the slopes of Mount Elgon, Mount Rwenzori,", "for": "arabica areas (the sentence continues with the Muhavura ranges and West Nile)" }, { "text": "About 500,000 farmers grow coffee according to estimates by Uganda Coffee Development Authority.", "for": "farmers" }, { "text": "Both varieties are mainly grown in smallholder farms", "for": "smallholders" } ], "scope": { "claim": "data", "context": "USDA FAS Nairobi, Uganda, sector as of 2014; farmer count cited from UCDA", "checked": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s7", "title": "Post Harvest Handling and Processing of Coffee in African Countries, Annex 4: Africa Coffee Producing Countries Profiles", "authors": "Mutua, J.", "year": 2000, "publisher": "FAO (AGSI)", "url": "https://www.fao.org/4/X6939E/X6939e10.htm", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Uganda row of the country profiles; production and exports are for 1999.", "quote": "Robusta: year round, peak from November to February", "quotes": [ { "text": "Arabica: September/December", "for": "arabica harvest" }, { "text": "Robusta (87%) - Arabica (13%)", "for": "species shares" }, { "text": "West, east and south-east of the country", "for": "regions of production" }, { "text": "Dry and wet methods", "for": "preparation" } ], "scope": { "claim": "data", "context": "FAO country profile, Uganda, about 1999", "checked": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s8", "title": "Country Coffee Profile: Uganda (ICC-124-8)", "authors": "International Coffee Organization", "year": 2019, "publisher": "International Coffee Organization", "url": "https://www.ico.org/documents/cy2018-19/icc-124-8e-profile-uganda.pdf", "tier": "A/B", "tierNote": "Dated 7 March 2019; produced by UCDA with support of the ICO Secretariat. A for its statistics (households, estates’ share of area, robusta share of exports); B for history and descriptions (varieties, altitudes, institutions). Its counts carry no year of data in the text (its Table 10 uses 1,700,000 farmers for CY 2017/18); the 40% share of female-headed households cites a 2017 pilot registration in Mukono and Buikwe. Because UCDA prepared it, it is not independent of UCDA documents (s11, s12) or of figures that other sources cite from UCDA (s6, s18, s22, s23). Its altitude ranges contradict each other and are given only under Contested. Its harvest table (Table 2) could not be read in a reliable layout and is not used. Read through a summarising fetch that returned short exact phrases.", "quote": "In Uganda, it is estimated that 1.7 million households grow coffee with a mean plot size of less than one acre.", "quotes": [ { "text": "The proportion of female headed coffee households is about 40%.", "for": "female-headed households" }, { "text": "Estate farms are estimated to account for about 5% of the total area under coffee.", "for": "estates" }, { "text": "which has an area of 2,500ha under Robusta coffee", "for": "Kaweri estate, Mubende" }, { "text": "Coffee is grown in five areas: the Central, Western, South-Western, Northern and Eastern regions.", "for": "regions" }, { "text": "For Robusta, there are two varieties, Nganda and Erecta.", "for": "robusta types" }, { "text": "SL 28 (high altitude), SL 14 (medium altitude), KP 423 (medium)", "for": "arabica varieties" }, { "text": "NaCORI has developed tenb Coffee Wilt Disease Resistant (CWDr) lines", "for": "CWD-resistant lines" }, { "text": "Robusta makes up 80% (by weight) of the coffee exported by Uganda.", "for": "robusta share of exports" }, { "text": "is mandated by the UCDA Statute 1991 (amended in 1994).", "for": "UCDA statute" }, { "text": "The Coffee Board was set up in 1929, later becoming the Coffee Industry Board in 1943", "for": "early boards (contested)" }, { "text": "the Coffee Marketing Board in 1959", "for": "Coffee Marketing Board" }, { "text": "Arabica is grown at altitudes ranging between 1,300-2,300m above sea level", "for": "altitude, foreword (contested)" }, { "text": "The altitude ranges from 800 to 1,400 meters above sea level for Robusta", "for": "altitude, section 2 (contested)" }, { "text": "the Secretariat has supported the Uganda Coffee Development Authority in the production of this Country Coffee Profile.", "for": "authorship" }, { "text": "The harvesting seasons alternate as main and minor harvest depending on whether the region is in the Northern or Southern hemisphere (see Table 2).", "for": "harvest" } ], "scope": { "claim": "data", "context": "ICO/UCDA country profile, 2019; counts without year of data; history as description", "checked": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s9", "title": "Monthly Coffee Report – September 2026 (Coffee Year 2025/26, Issue 12)", "authors": "Coffee Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF), Uganda", "year": 2026, "publisher": "ugandacoffee.go.ug", "url": "https://ugandacoffee.go.ug/sites/default/files/2026-10/12%20September%202026%20Report%20dpptx%20%281%29.pptx_Finalptx.pdf", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Government statistics published on the coffee sector’s government website, whose pages carry the title “Coffee Department, MAAIF”; the report itself names no issuing body. Exports by type and grade (60-kg bags, US$, US$/kg), destinations and farm-gate prices are for September 2026; the 12-month total is for October 2025–September 2026. It gives no 12-month split by type. Read through a summarising fetch.", "quote": "The main harvest season north of the equator has begun.", "quotes": [ { "text": "MONTHLY COFFEE REPORT-SEPTEMBER 2026", "for": "title" }, { "text": "COFFEE YEAR 2025/26- ISSUE12", "for": "coffee year" }, { "text": "totaled 8 million 60 Kg bags worth US$ 2.1 billion", "for": "exports, coffee year 2025/26" }, { "text": "during the main season of Greater Masaka and South Western Region", "for": "main season, south" } ], "scope": { "claim": "data", "context": "Certified exports, September 2026 and coffee year 2025/26 (October 2025–September 2026)", "checked": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s10", "title": "Monthly Coffee Report – October 2025 (Coffee Year 2025/26, Issue 1)", "authors": "Coffee Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF), Uganda", "year": 2025, "publisher": "ugandacoffee.go.ug", "url": "https://ugandacoffee.go.ug/sites/default/files/2025-12/October%202025%20Report.pdf", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Government statistics published on the coffee sector’s government website; the report names no issuing body but mentions MAAIF activities. Read through a summarising fetch.", "quote": "as harvest in Central and Eastern regions is already underway.", "quotes": [ { "text": "MONTHLY COFFEE REPORT-OCTOBER 2025", "for": "title" }, { "text": "totaled 8.4 million bags worth US$ 2.4 billion,", "for": "exports November 2024–October 2025" } ], "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s11", "title": "Uganda Coffee Development Authority Annual Report 2020/2021", "authors": "Uganda Coffee Development Authority (UCDA)", "year": 2021, "publisher": "Uganda Coffee Development Authority, Kampala", "url": "https://Ugandacoffee.go.ug/sites/default/files/2023-07/UCDA%20ANNUAL%20REPORT%202020-2021.pdf", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Statutory authority’s annual report for financial year July 2020–June 2021. The regional production figures come from two production surveys; the report does not say how the regions overlap, and they are not added up here. The printed total of certified bags is garbled (“6,0577,951”); the robusta and arabica figures add to 6,077,951. Read through a summarising fetch; the last 7% of the text was not read.", "quote": "Total exports amounted to 6.1 million bags worth US $ 559 million", "quotes": [ { "text": "Inspected and certified 6,0577,951 bags (60 Kgs) for export (Robusta – 5,337,952, Arabica – 739,999)", "for": "certified exports by type" }, { "text": "Italy continued to dominate Uganda's green coffee exports with a 31% market share", "for": "destinations" }, { "text": "production in Greater Masaka region at 3.6 million of clean coffee", "for": "regional survey" }, { "text": "Central Region at 4 million", "for": "regional survey" }, { "text": "Busoga Region at 2 million bags (main harvest at 1.0 million bags and Fly crop stood at 0.7 million bags)", "for": "regional survey" }, { "text": "Rwenzori Region at 0.95 million bags", "for": "regional survey" }, { "text": "Conducted two production surveys which estimated gross production at 10 million 60-kilo bags", "for": "survey total" } ], "scope": { "claim": "data", "context": "UCDA, financial year 2020/21 (July–June)", "checked": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s12", "title": "Uganda Coffee Profiles", "authors": "Uganda Coffee Development Authority (UCDA)", "year": 2023, "publisher": "ugandacoffee.go.ug", "url": "https://Ugandacoffee.go.ug/sites/default/files/2023-03/Uganda%20Coffee%20Profiles.pdf", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Government publication without a printed date or author (file posted March 2023); cup profiles by agro-ecological zone from samples of crop years 2014–2020, with districts and elevation for each zone. Some elevation lines are implausible (129–1,524 m for the Western Savannah Grasslands; 1,545 “mm” for the Pastoral Range Lands) and are not used. The document states no harvest months. Read through a summarising fetch.", "quote": "The Arabicas grown in this region are predominantly naturally processed.", "quotes": [ { "text": "Inferences were drawn from over 1,000 coffee samples randomly collected from the coffee-growing districts", "for": "method" }, { "text": "Mean Elevation: 1, 855 m ASL", "for": "Highland Ranges (arabica)" }, { "text": "Mean Elevation: 1,082 m ASL", "for": "Lake Victoria Crescent (robusta)" }, { "text": "Mean Elevation: 1,435 m ASL", "for": "North Western Savannah Grass Lands (arabica)" } ], "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s13", "title": "Coffee sector profile", "authors": "Uganda Investment Authority", "publisher": "Uganda Investment Authority, Kampala", "url": "https://www.ugandainvest.go.ug/uia/images/Download_Center/SECTOR_PROFILE/coffee_sector_profile.pdf", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Statutory authority; undated profile whose latest data are for 2006/07 and 2007, so it describes the sector of about 2007–2008. Its harvest table could not be read; the harvest months come from its text. Read through a summarising fetch.", "quote": "The main production season for Robusta ranges May-August for Masaka and Western regions", "quotes": [ { "text": "November to February for Central, Eastern regions.", "for": "robusta main season, Central and Eastern" }, { "text": "the main seasons are April-June for Western Region and October-February for Eastern and West Nile Regions", "for": "arabica main seasons" }, { "text": "2 fly crops throughout the year", "for": "fly crops" }, { "text": "up to 1,200 meters above sea level.", "for": "robusta altitude" }, { "text": "(1500-2,300 m above sea level)", "for": "arabica altitude" }, { "text": "Unlike Robusta whose native habitat is the Lake Victoria Crescent", "for": "robusta habitat" }, { "text": "Dry processing is used mainly for Robusta coffee although it can also be used for Arabica coffee.", "for": "processing" } ], "scope": { "claim": "description", "context": "Uganda Investment Authority sector profile, undated (data to 2006/07)", "checked": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s14", "title": "Annual Agricultural Survey (AAS) 2019 – Statistical Release", "authors": "Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS)", "year": 2022, "publisher": "Uganda Bureau of Statistics, Kampala", "url": "https://www.ubos.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Uganda_UBOS_StatRelease_AAS2019-Final.pdf", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "National statistics office; survey year 2019, released 2022. Household shares from its Figure 7.2; the number of agricultural households from its Table 2.1. Households growing both species may be counted in both shares. Counts derived from shares are our calculation.", "quote": "About 7 million households in Uganda cultivated land or reared livestock in 2019 (UBOS 2022, Table 2.1).", "quotes": [ { "text": "Robusta coffee was grown by about 21 percent of agricultural households,", "for": "robusta households" }, { "text": "Arabica coffee by 7 percent of agricultural households", "for": "arabica households" } ], "scope": { "claim": "data", "context": "UBOS Annual Agricultural Survey 2019, national household shares", "checked": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s15", "title": "The National Coffee (Amendment) Bill, 2024 (Bill No. 29)", "authors": "Republic of Uganda", "year": 2024, "publisher": "Uganda Gazette No. 22, Bills Supplement No. 4, 27 March 2024 (Parliament of Uganda)", "url": "https://bills.parliament.ug/uploads/0949National_Coffee_(Amendment)_Bill,_2024.pdf", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Bill as published (OCR text layer with misread characters). The bill names the body “Coffee Development Authority” (the authority as continued by Act 17 of 2021). The enacted Act’s text and its commencement date were not consulted; no Tier A source consulted gives the commencement date. Read through a summarising fetch.", "quote": "On the commencement of this Act, the Coffee Development Authority established by Act", "quotes": [ { "text": "transfer the functions of the Coffee Development Authority to the Ministry responsible for agriculture;", "for": "transfer of functions" }, { "text": "abolish the Coffee Development Authority", "for": "abolition" } ], "scope": { "claim": "definition", "context": "Bill text as published 27 March 2024", "checked": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s16", "title": "President Museveni signs National Coffee (Amendment) Bill, 2024 into law", "authors": "Presidential Press Unit, State House Uganda", "year": 2024, "publisher": "State House Uganda, press release, 23 December 2024", "url": "https://statehouse.go.ug/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/PPU-PRESS-RELEASE-PRESIDENT-MUSEVENI-SIGNS-NATIONAL-COFFEEAMENDMENT-BILL-2024-.pdf", "tier": "A", "quote": "The President assented to the bill on 20 th December 2024.", "quotes": [], "scope": { "claim": "data", "context": "State House press release, 23 December 2024: date of assent", "checked": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s17", "title": "Coffee Bill passed seeing UCDA back in mother ministry", "authors": "Parliament of Uganda", "year": 2024, "publisher": "Parliament of Uganda, news, 7 November 2024", "url": "https://firewall.parliament.go.ug/news/3408/coffee-bill-passed-seeing-ucda-back-mother-ministry", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "News page of a state institution; used for the date of passage and UCDA’s founding year. Read through a summarising fetch.", "quote": "the Bill was approved during the plenary sitting on Wednesday, 06 November 2024.", "quotes": [ { "text": "The UCDA established in 1991 under the Uganda Coffee Development Authority Act", "for": "UCDA founded" } ], "scope": { "claim": "data", "context": "Parliament news, 7 November 2024: date of passage", "checked": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s18", "title": "A review of the indigenous coffee resources of Uganda and their potential for coffee sector sustainability and development", "authors": "Davis, A. P.; Kiwuka, C.; Faruk, A.; Mulumba, J.; Kalema, J.", "year": 2023, "publisher": "Frontiers in Plant Science 13, 1057317", "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/plant-science/articles/10.3389/fpls.2022.1057317/pdf", "doi": "10.3389/fpls.2022.1057317", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Peer-reviewed review (published 17 February 2023); many statements cite earlier work: forests and diversity (Kiwuka et al. 2021), Nganda and Erecta and early use (Thomas 1935, 1940), the 1900 arabica date (Thomas 1940), robusta rank and 1.7 million people (UCDA 2017), elite clones (Mulindwa et al. 2022). The count of four indigenous species and the Buganda marriage use are its own statements. Read through a summarising fetch of the full-text page.", "quote": "Uganda is a centre of diversity for C. canephora", "quotes": [ { "text": "indigenous populations from the forests of Malabigambo, Mabira, and Kalangala (Ssese Islands)", "for": "southern forests" }, { "text": "Uganda's north-western forests (Zoka, Budongo, Itwara and Kibale)", "for": "north-western forests" }, { "text": "the Nganda type of C. canephora (which has a spreading habit) may have originated from a forest in Uganda", "for": "Nganda" }, { "text": "the Erecta type (upright habit) was introduced from the Congo Basin", "for": "Erecta" }, { "text": "as a product for chewing and consumption, rather than as a beverage", "for": "early use" }, { "text": "still used in traditional marriage ceremonies in the Buganda culture", "for": "Buganda" }, { "text": "plantation owners and smallholder farmers in the Lake Victoria Basin region began cultivating", "for": "early cultivation" }, { "text": "gathering increased momentum from the 1910s onwards", "for": "export crop" }, { "text": "was believed to have been introduced into cultivation in Uganda in 1900", "for": "arabica introduction" }, { "text": "We enumerate four indigenous coffee species for Uganda", "for": "indigenous species" }, { "text": "Uganda is now the fourth largest robusta producer in the world, after Vietnam, Brazil and Indonesia", "for": "robusta rank" }, { "text": "c. 4.2% of the population (1.7 m people) engaged in coffee farming", "for": "people in coffee farming" }, { "text": "the mainstay of modern robusta production in Uganda", "for": "elite resistant clones" } ], "scope": { "claim": "cited", "context": "Review of Uganda’s indigenous coffee; most statements cite earlier work (see tierNote)", "checked": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s19", "title": "Genetic diversity of native and cultivated Ugandan Robusta coffee (Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner): Climate influences, breeding potential and diversity conservation", "authors": "Kiwuka, C.; Goudsmit, E.; Tournebize, R.; de Aquino, S. O.; Douma, J. C.; Bellanger, L.; Crouzillat, D.; Stoffelen, P.; Sumirat, U.; Legnaté, H.; Marraccini, P.; de Kochko, A.; Andrade, A. C.; Mulumba, J. W.; Musoli, P.; Anten, N. P. R.; Poncet, V.", "year": 2021, "publisher": "PLOS One 16(2), e0245965", "url": "https://www.alice.cnptia.embrapa.br/alice/handle/doc/1133040?mode=full", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0245965", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Abstract read in the Embrapa repository record.", "quote": "Overall, Uganda's native C. canephora diversity differs from other known genetic groups of this species.", "quotes": [ { "text": "Wild material from seven forests could thus be collected.", "for": "forests sampled" }, { "text": "In northwestern (NW) Uganda, four distinct genetic clusters were distinguished.", "for": "north-western clusters" }, { "text": "12 environmental variables significantly explained 16.3% of the total allelic variation across populations.", "for": "environment and diversity" }, { "text": "there is an urgent need to develop strategies to enhance complementary in-situ conservation of Coffea canephora", "for": "conservation" } ], "abstractOnly": true, "scope": { "claim": "finding", "context": "SSR genotyping of wild C. canephora from seven Ugandan forests (abstract)", "checked": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s20", "title": "NaCORI – National Coffee Research Institute", "authors": "National Agricultural Research Organisation (NARO), National Coffee Research Institute (NaCORI)", "year": 2026, "publisher": "National Agricultural Research Organisation, Uganda", "url": "https://naro.go.ug/?p=13733", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Institute page of the national coffee research institute (its own research outputs); no page date. The list prints “R2” for KR2. Release years are not given. Read through a summarising fetch.", "quote": "10 Coffee Wilt Resistant varieties developed", "quotes": [ { "text": "The varieties are clones named KR1, R2, KR3, KR4, KR5, KR6, KR7, NARO KR8, NARO KR9 and NARO KR 10.", "for": "clone names" }, { "text": "38km East of Kampala", "for": "Kituza" }, { "text": "5 candidate Arabica coffee varieties submitted to MAAIF for assessment before release", "for": "arabica candidates" } ], "scope": { "claim": "data", "context": "NaCORI institute page, undated", "checked": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s21", "title": "Current research trends on coffee wilt disease tracheomycosis", "authors": "Hakiza, G. J.; Birikunzira, J. B.", "year": 2000, "publisher": "Uganda Journal of Agricultural Sciences 5(1), 17–21", "url": "https://journal.naro.go.ug/index.php/ujas/article/view/52", "tier": "A", "quote": "By the end of 1998, the wilt was confirmed in 18 districts, to the south and east of the point of origin.", "quotes": [ { "text": "was confirmed in Uganda in 1993 in Bundibugyo district bordering the DemocraticRcpublicofCongo.", "for": "first confirmation" } ], "abstractOnly": true, "scope": { "claim": "finding", "context": "Review of coffee wilt in Uganda, 1993–1998 (abstract)", "checked": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s22", "title": "Evaluation of potential sources of inoculum for the coffee wilt epidemics in Uganda", "authors": "Kangire, A.; Olal, S.; Kabole, C.", "year": 2003, "publisher": "Uganda Journal of Agricultural Sciences 8, 37–40", "url": "https://journal.naro.go.ug/index.php/ujas/article/download/426/373/689", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Both figures are cited from the UCDA Annual Report 2000, not the authors’ own data.", "quote": "Cumulatively, this disease has destroyed a total of 14.5 million trees since it was first reported in 1993", "quotes": [ { "text": "it is reported that 15 of the 24 main robusta growing districts in the country are affected", "for": "districts affected" } ], "scope": { "claim": "cited", "context": "Uganda, coffee wilt losses cited from UCDA Annual Report 2000", "checked": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s23", "title": "Cup quality profiles of Robusta coffee wilt disease resistant varieties grown in three agro-ecologies in Uganda", "authors": "Mulindwa, J.; Kaaya, A. N.; Muganga, L.; Paga, M.; Musoli, P.; Sseremba, G.; Wagoire, W. W.; Bitalo, D. N.", "year": 2022, "publisher": "Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 102, 1225–1232", "url": "https://nru.uncst.go.ug/bitstreams/e9cd1625-147c-4068-b00c-c3634a7491ee/download", "doi": "10.1002/jsfa.11460", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Cup scores and varieties grown are the authors’ findings; the 60% loss (UCDA 2003/04), the robusta share (UCDA 2015/16) and the seven releases (Musoli et al. 2013) are cited. Published online 16 August 2021.", "quote": "variety KR4 was hardly influenced by environmental variations", "quotes": [ { "text": "CWD wiped out approximately 60% of Robusta coffee trees, causing an estimated loss worth US$ 259 million.", "for": "losses, early 1990s" }, { "text": "an effort that resulted in the release of seven varieties (seven CWD-r).", "for": "release" }, { "text": "with Robusta contributing over 80% of the total production.", "for": "robusta share" }, { "text": "Only five of the seven CWD-r varieties were found to be grown in the selected agro-ecological zones.", "for": "varieties grown" }, { "text": "at an altitude between 800–1160 m a.s.l.", "for": "Lake Victoria Crescent site, Mukono" } ], "scope": { "claim": "finding", "context": "Cupping of five CWD-resistant robusta clones in three Ugandan agro-ecological zones; background figures cited", "checked": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s24", "title": "NARO-Kituza Robusta 6 (KR6)", "authors": "World Coffee Research", "year": 2026, "publisher": "World Coffee Research, Coffee Varieties Catalog", "url": "https://varieties.worldcoffeeresearch.org/varieties/kr-6", "tier": "A/B", "tierNote": "A for catalogue data (breeder, disease resistance, yield potential); B otherwise.", "quote": "Resistant to coffee wilt disease (CWD).", "quotes": [], "scope": { "claim": "data", "context": "WCR catalogue entry for KR6", "checked": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s25", "title": "SL14", "authors": "World Coffee Research", "publisher": "World Coffee Research, Arabica Coffee Varieties catalogue", "url": "https://varieties.worldcoffeeresearch.org/varieties/sl14", "tier": "A/B", "tierNote": "WCR catalogue data (breeder, lineage, selection year, disease ratings, where grown) are A; its history narrative is B.", "quote": "It is economically important in both Kenya and Uganda.", "quotes": [ { "text": "SL14 was selected in 1936 from a single tree", "for": "selection" } ], "scope": { "claim": "data", "context": "WCR catalogue entry for SL14", "checked": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s26", "title": "KP423", "authors": "World Coffee Research", "publisher": "World Coffee Research, Arabica Coffee Varieties catalogue", "url": "https://varieties.worldcoffeeresearch.org/varieties/kp423", "tier": "A/B", "tierNote": "WCR catalogue data (breeder, lineage, disease ratings, where grown) are A; its history narrative is B.", "quote": "KP423 was selected from Kent, a Bourbon-related population from in southwestern India.", "quotes": [ { "text": "made its way to Uganda, where it is an important variety in Arabica-growing regions.", "for": "Uganda" } ], "scope": { "claim": "data", "context": "WCR catalogue entry for KP423", "checked": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s27", "title": "Restructuring Uganda’s Coffee Industry: Why Going Back to the Basics Matters (Policy Research Working Paper 4020)", "authors": "Baffes, J.", "year": 2006, "publisher": "World Bank, Washington, DC", "url": "https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstreams/04d035ab-8663-5356-95e6-4204b35000cd/download", "tier": "B", "tierNote": "Working paper of an international organisation, not peer reviewed; used for the marketing chain and institutional history. Its dates are used only where a Tier A source or a second independent Tier B source agrees. Read through a summarising fetch.", "quote": "In January 1991, the Coffee Board was split into two entities.", "quotes": [ { "text": "Coffee was introduced in Uganda in 1900 as an arabica estate crop.", "for": "arabica introduction" }, { "text": "in 1959 its responsibilities (this time under a new name, Coffee Marketing Board) were further expanded", "for": "Coffee Marketing Board" }, { "text": "The first coffeerelated institution, the Coffee Industry Board, was established in 1930.", "for": "first institution (contested)" }, { "text": "the socalled kiboko traders who transport it to coffee mills for hulling.", "for": "kiboko traders" }, { "text": "Most mills provide hulling services to kiboko traders at a fixed fee.", "for": "kiboko and hulling" }, { "text": "FAQ (fair average quality) traders, who sell it to exporters after accumulating larger quantities.", "for": "FAQ traders" } ], "scope": { "claim": "description", "context": "World Bank working paper, Uganda coffee sector to 2006", "checked": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s28", "title": "Coffee Agro-Industrialisation: Uganda’s Coffee Product Space (Case Study 8)", "authors": "Mbowa, S.; Munyabonera, E.; Nakazi, F.", "year": 2019, "publisher": "Economic Policy Research Centre (EPRC), Kampala", "url": "https://library.eprcug.org/assets/documents/1760092547.pdf", "tier": "B", "tierNote": "Policy research centre report, not peer reviewed; used for trade terms. Its kiboko-to-FAQ out-turn is not used (one Tier B source). Read through a summarising fetch.", "quote": "Robusta coffee is mainly dry processed", "quotes": [ { "text": "A kilogram of dry coffee cherries (kiboko) gives an outturn of 0.55-0.6 kg of FAQ.", "for": "kiboko (term only)" }, { "text": "the un-graded Dry Uganda Arabicas (DRUGARS)", "for": "Drugar" }, { "text": "Okoro Wet non- graded Uganda Arabicas (WUGARS)", "for": "Wugar" } ], "scope": { "claim": "description", "context": "EPRC case study, Uganda, 2019", "checked": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s29", "title": "A stepwise approach to facilitate adoption of climate smart practices for smallholder coffee production in Uganda", "authors": "Mukasa, D.; Rusinamhodzi, L.; van Asten, P. J. A.; Amwonya, D.; Sseguya, H.; Okiror, F. A.; Kirungi, D.; Wodada, W.; Komakech, V.; Margiotta, S.; Jassogne, L.", "year": 2025, "publisher": "International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 23(1), 2513790", "url": "https://nru.uncst.go.ug/bitstreams/00526104-e9b0-4915-bb06-cc7c1302ff86/download", "doi": "10.1080/14735903.2025.2513790", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Site descriptions refer to its study districts (Sironko, arabica; Luweero, robusta). Read through a summarising fetch.", "quote": "the average national yields of 700 kg/ha green beans per year", "quotes": [ { "text": "The district experiences a bimodal type of rainfall with the heaviest in the first season of March-July", "for": "Sironko rainfall" }, { "text": "Arabica coffee dominates the mountainous area on the slopes of Mount Elgon in the East", "for": "Mount Elgon" }, { "text": "Robusta Coffee is grown in the plains of Central, Eastern, Western, and Southeastern Uganda", "for": "robusta areas" }, { "text": "The current impacts of climate change have resulted in high pest and disease prevalence", "for": "pests and diseases" } ], "scope": { "claim": "cited", "context": "Uganda smallholder study (Sironko, Luweero); national yield cited from earlier work", "checked": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s30", "title": "Projected Shifts in Coffea arabica Suitability among Major Global Producing Regions Due to Climate Change", "authors": "Ovalle-Rivera, O.; Läderach, P.; Bunn, C.; Obersteiner, M.; Schroth, G.", "year": 2015, "publisher": "PLOS One 10(4), e0124155", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4397088/fullTextXML", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0124155", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Full text read through Europe PMC (PMC4397088), through a summarising fetch. Model projections for arabica to the 2050s.", "quote": "Tanzania and Uganda would lose suitable area at elevations below 1400 masl.", "quotes": [ { "text": "In East Africa, climates suitable for Arabica coffee are predicted to shift from 400–2000 masl to 800–2500 masl.", "for": "East African shift" } ], "scope": { "claim": "hypothesis", "context": "Global climate-suitability model for C. arabica, projections to the 2050s", "checked": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s31", "title": "URSB and partners champion Uganda’s first geographical indication: Rwenzori Mountains of the Moon Coffee", "authors": "Uganda Registration Services Bureau (URSB)", "year": 2025, "publisher": "Uganda Registration Services Bureau, news, May 2025", "url": "https://ursb.go.ug/2025/05/20/ursb-and-partners-champion-ugandas-first-geographical-indication-rwenzori-mountains-of-the-moon-coffee/", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Statutory registry; news page on a workshop of 13–15 May 2025. The registration certificate and product specification were not consulted. Read through a summarising fetch.", "quote": "officially registered in 2023 with support from the French Government.", "quotes": [ { "text": "cultivated organically at altitudes exceeding 1,200 meters.", "for": "altitude" } ], "scope": { "claim": "description", "context": "URSB news page on a May 2025 workshop; specification not consulted", "checked": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s32", "title": "Terms of reference for consultancy for the second phase of coffee/cocoa farmer registration and mapping of 1,200,000 coffee farms and 200,000 cocoa farms to comply with traceability and European Union Deforestation Regulation (EUDR)", "authors": "Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF), Uganda", "year": 2026, "publisher": "agriculture.go.ug", "url": "https://www.agriculture.go.ug/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/TORs-for-Mapping-of-Coffee-and-cocoa-farms-for-EUDR-Compliance.pdf", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "The title gives 1,200,000 coffee farms; one deliverable gives a registry of 1,000,000 coffee farms. The document gives 2.5 million and, elsewhere, over 2.8 million coffee households, without a year of data. Read through a summarising fetch.", "quote": "To maintain access to the EU market, Uganda must establish a national traceability system for its agricultural products.", "quotes": [ { "text": "Coffee in Uganda is grown by an estimated 2.5 million households, with an average of 2 coffee plots.", "for": "households" }, { "text": "Uganda's coffee sector supports over 2.8 million coffee farming households", "for": "households, second figure" } ], "scope": { "claim": "data", "context": "MAAIF terms of reference, 2026; household counts without year of data", "checked": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" } ], "markdown": "## Snapshot\n\nUganda is the fourth-largest robusta producer, after Vietnam, Brazil and Indonesia.1,18 No other African country has its own robusta row in USDA’s 2025/26 table with a larger crop (our reading).1 The US Department of Agriculture (USDA) puts the 2025/26 crop at 7.10 million bags of 60 kg.1 That is 4.0% of the world total of 178.8 million bags (our calculation).1 USDA forecasts 7.16 million bags for 2026/27.1\n\nIn the statistics of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Uganda produced 402,000 t of green coffee in 2024.3 That ranks sixth among 78 countries and is 3.6% of their total (our calculation).3 Coffee production by country compares the producers.\n\nMost of the crop is robusta (*C. canephora*). In USDA’s 2025/26 figures, 5.98 million bags were robusta and 1.12 million arabica.1 Robusta was thus 84% of the crop and 7.1% of the world’s robusta (our calculation).1 A 2022 study, citing UCDA, puts robusta at over 80% of production.23\n\n## Where coffee grows\n\nThe two species grow in different places. Robusta is mainly grown in the central region, according to USDA’s Nairobi office.5 Arabica grows mainly in the high areas of the east and west.5 USDA names the north as an emerging production area.5 The ICO profile, prepared with UCDA, lists five regions: Central, Western, South-Western, Northern and Eastern.8\n\n
\n
\n
Interactive relief map of Uganda. Layers: the coffee zones of the national cup profiles and their districts; forests with wild C. canephora and the Rwenzori geographical indication; the research institute at Kituza and the Kaweri estate; and places in coffee history.12,18,19,31,20,8,21
\n
\n\n**Robusta zones.** Robusta’s native habitat is the Lake Victoria Crescent, according to the Uganda Investment Authority.13 In the national cup profiles, the Lake Victoria Crescent zone includes Mukono, Wakiso, Mpigi, Buikwe, Jinja, Kyotera, Rakai and Kalangala.12 Masaka, Lwengo, Kalungu and Sembabule lie in the Pastoral Range Lands; Mubende, Mityana, Luweero, Hoima and Kibaale lie in the Western Savannah Grasslands.12 Busoga districts such as Iganga, Kamuli and Bugiri form the Kyoga Plains.12\n\n**Arabica zones.** Arabica grows on the slopes of Mount Elgon and the Rwenzori, in the Muhavura ranges of the south-west and in West Nile.6 The cup profiles group Mbale, Sironko, Kapchorwa, Bududa, Kisoro and Kasese as the Highland Ranges.12 Arua, Zombo, Nebbi and Maracha form the arabica zone of the north-western savannah.12\n\n**Altitude.** No measured national altitude survey was consulted. The Uganda Investment Authority gives robusta up to 1,200 m and arabica at 1,500–2,300 m.13 The cup profiles give a mean elevation of 1,855 m for the Highland Ranges and 1,082 m for the Lake Victoria Crescent.12 The ICO profile gives conflicting ranges (see Contested).8\n\n
\n
\n
Section across Uganda from the Rwenzori foothills through Fort Portal, Mubende, Kampala and Kituza to Mbale and Mount Elgon. Shaded: arabica at 1,500–2,300 m; solid line: robusta up to 1,200 m (both from the Uganda Investment Authority, undated). Dashed: 1,400 m, below which a 2015 model projects arabica to lose suitable area by the 2050s. Ticks: mean elevations printed for two coffee zones. Terrain from 0.1° mean relief, so summits appear lower than they are.13,30,12,20
\n
\n\n## Climate and harvest\n\nCoffee in Uganda is largely rain-fed, according to USDA.5 Uganda lies across the equator, and its main and minor harvests swap places between regions north and south of it.8 In Sironko, on Mount Elgon, a 2025 study describes bimodal rainfall, heaviest in the first season of March–July.29\n\n**All-year picking.** Harvesting goes on all year, with two peaks: November to February and June to September, according to a 2014 USDA report.6 FAO gave robusta a year-round harvest peaking from November to February, and arabica September to December (2000).7\n\n**By region.** The Uganda Investment Authority gives main robusta seasons of May–August in Masaka and the west, and November–February in the centre and east.13 For arabica, it gives April–June in the west and October–February in the east and West Nile.13 In October 2025, the national monthly report noted harvest underway in the Central and Eastern regions.10 Harvest calendars compares origins.\n\n## Farms and people\n\nUgandan coffee is a smallholder crop. Small farms grow about 90% of the crop, according to USDA’s Nairobi office.5 Smallholders typically farm 0.5–2.5 ha.5 The ICO profile gives a mean coffee plot of less than one acre (about 0.4 ha).8\n\n**Households.** The number of coffee households differs widely between sources (see Contested). The ICO profile estimates 1.7 million households.8 It puts the share headed by women at about 40%, citing a 2017 pilot registration in Mukono and Buikwe.8 In 2026 the agriculture ministry gave an estimated 2.5 million households.32 In the statistics office’s 2019 survey, about 21% of 7 million agricultural households grew robusta and 7% arabica.14\n\n**Estates.** Estates hold about 5% of the area under coffee, according to the ICO profile.8 It names one large robusta estate, Kaweri in Mubende, with 2,500 ha.8\n\n**Area.** USDA’s post estimates 590,000 ha planted in 2025/26 and forecasts 595,000 ha for 2026/27.5 Living income gives a reference price for Ugandan arabica.\n\n## Species and varieties\n\n**Wild robusta.** Uganda is a centre of diversity for *C. canephora*, according to a 2023 review.18 Native populations grow in the forests of Malabigambo, Mabira and Kalangala in the south, and of Zoka, Budongo, Itwara and Kibale in the north-west.18 A 2021 genetic study collected wild material from seven forests.19 It found Uganda’s native diversity distinct from the other known genetic groups of the species.19 The review lists four indigenous coffee species, including excelsa (*C. liberica* var. *dewevrei*).18\n\n**Nganda and Erecta.** The ICO profile names two robusta varieties, Nganda and Erecta.8 The 2023 review cites a 1935 suggestion that the spreading Nganda type may have originated in a Ugandan forest and that the upright Erecta type was introduced from the Congo Basin.18 The review notes that genetic studies do not separate the two types clearly.18\n\n**Resistant clones.** The National Coffee Research Institute (NaCORI) lists 10 clones resistant to coffee wilt disease, from KR1 to NARO KR10.20 A 2022 study counts seven released in the first round.23 World Coffee Research lists KR6, KR8, KR9 and KR10 as resistant.24 Coffee wilt disease describes the epidemic.\n\n**Arabica.** The ICO profile names SL28 for high altitudes, SL14 and KP423 for medium altitudes, and traditional Nyasaland coffee.8 World Coffee Research calls SL14 economically important in Kenya and Uganda.25 It describes KP423, a selection from Kent released in Tanzania, as important in Uganda’s arabica regions.26 Arabica varieties describes these lineages.\n\n## Processing\n\n**Robusta: natural.** Robusta is mainly dry processed, according to a 2019 policy study.28,13 Small-scale producers often sun-dry the cherries; large-scale producers wet-mill, according to USDA.5 The dried cherry is called kiboko.28,27 Hulling it gives FAQ, “fair average quality” green coffee.27,28 Natural process and hulling and dry milling explain the steps.\n\n**Arabica: washed and natural.** Arabica is typically wet processed, then hulled, graded and packed for export, according to USDA.5 Some arabica is dried as natural coffee.28,12 Drugar is the trade name for ungraded dry-processed Ugandan arabica.28,9 A 2019 policy study describes Wugar as “Okoro Wet non-graded Uganda Arabicas”, from West Nile; both names are export grades.28,9 The national cup profiles describe the arabica of the western savannah as predominantly naturally processed.12\n\n**Grades.** Robusta is graded by screen: Screen 18, 17, 15, 14 and 12 appear in the export statistics.9 Arabica export grades include Bugisu AA, A, AB and C/PB, and Mt Elgon A+ and AB.9 Green coffee grading gives the screen sizes.\n\n## History\n\n**Wild coffee and early use.** Coffee was used in Uganda for chewing and consumption rather than as a beverage, according to the 2023 review.18 It is still used in traditional marriage ceremonies in Buganda.18 Plantation owners and smallholders in the Lake Victoria Basin began cultivating robusta in the late 19th century, the review states.18 Its promotion as an export crop gathered momentum from the 1910s.18\n\n**Legend and evidence.** According to the 2023 review, citing a 1940 source, arabica is believed to have been introduced into cultivation in 1900; the World Bank paper gives the same year.18,27 A 2006 World Bank paper calls it an estate crop at first.27 The ICO profile gives other early dates for arabica in Bugisu; they rest on that one source (see Contested).8\n\n**Marketing boards.** A Coffee Marketing Board was named in 1959.8,27 The dates of earlier boards differ between sources (see Contested).8,27 In January 1991 the Coffee Board was split in two, according to the World Bank paper.27 UCDA was established in 1991, and the sector was fully liberalised that year, according to Parliament and USDA.17,6\n\n**Coffee wilt.** Coffee wilt disease was confirmed in 1993 in Bundibugyo, on the border with the Democratic Republic of the Congo.21 By the end of 1998 it had reached 18 districts.21 A 2022 study, citing a UCDA report of 2004, states that it wiped out about 60% of robusta trees in the early 1990s.23\n\n## Trade and institutions\n\n**Exports.** Uganda exports most of its crop. USDA counts 6.70 million bags in 2025/26, 94% of production (our calculation).1 The national monthly reports count 8 million bags for the coffee year October 2025–September 2026 (see Contested).9 USDA’s post forecasts domestic consumption of 335,000 bags in 2026/27.5\n\n**Earlier year.** In the 2020/21 financial year (July–June), exports were 6.1 million bags worth US$559 million, according to UCDA.11 Italy took 31%.11\n\n**Destinations.** In 2024/25 the European Union took 73% of exports; Morocco and the United States 6% each, according to USDA.5 In September 2026, Italy took 21.2%, Sudan 18.5% and India 10.3% of the month’s exports.9\n\n**From UCDA to the ministry.** UCDA regulated the sector from 1991.17,8 Parliament passed the National Coffee (Amendment) Bill, 2024, on 6 November 2024.17 The President assented on 20 December 2024.16 The bill dissolves the authority on commencement and transfers its functions to the agriculture ministry.15 USDA reports that the functions were integrated into the Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF) in 2025.5\n\n**Research.** NaCORI, part of the National Agricultural Research Organisation (NARO), is based at Kituza in Mukono district, 38 km east of Kampala.20 It has a sub-station at Bugusege in Sironko district.20\n\n**Geographical indication.** Rwenzori Mountains of the Moon Coffee was registered in 2023, according to the national registry (URSB), which calls it Uganda’s first geographical indication.31 URSB describes it as arabica grown organically above 1,200 m.31\n\n**EUDR.** In 2026 the agriculture ministry sought a consultancy to register and map at least 1,200,000 coffee farms for a national traceability system.32 EUDR describes the regulation.\n\n\n\n## Production over time\n\nThe FAO series runs from 1961. Production rose from 94,100 t in 1961 to 247,200 t in 1969.2 It fell to a low of 97,500 t in 1981.2 It reached 287,925 t in 1996, then dropped to 143,475 t in 2000.2 Since 2013 it has stayed above 220,000 t, rising to a peak of 507,000 t in 2022.2 The 2024 value, 402,000 t, is 79% of that peak (our calculation).2\n\n
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Green coffee production of Uganda, 1961–2024, in thousand tonnes, from FAO statistics by calendar year. The peak was 507,000 t in 2022.2
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\n\n| Year | t | Year | t | Year | t | Year | t |\n|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n| 1961 | 94,1002 | 1977 | 155,9002 | 1993 | 144,5512 | 2009 | 195,8712 |\n| 1962 | 119,0002 | 1978 | 121,3002 | 1994 | 198,3712 | 2010 | 166,9682 |\n| 1963 | 158,2002 | 1979 | 103,0002 | 1995 | 181,4652 | 2011 | 191,3712 |\n| 1964 | 172,4002 | 1980 | 135,2002 | 1996 | 287,9252 | 2012 | 186,1252 |\n| 1965 | 152,1002 | 1981 | 97,5002 | 1997 | 219,6242 | 2013 | 222,8942 |\n| 1966 | 153,9002 | 1982 | 161,8662 | 1998 | 205,0562 | 2014 | 220,1352 |\n| 1967 | 166,4002 | 1983 | 148,2242 | 1999 | 251,8812 | 2015 | 229,1492 |\n| 1968 | 133,0002 | 1984 | 145,9712 | 2000 | 143,4752 | 2016 | 243,0612 |\n| 1969 | 247,2002 | 1985 | 143,9952 | 2001 | 197,4102 | 2017 | 302,0632 |\n| 1970 | 201,5002 | 1986 | 159,8812 | 2002 | 209,5472 | 2018 | 284,2252 |\n| 1971 | 175,5002 | 1987 | 167,0672 | 2003 | 150,8712 | 2019 | 313,9332 |\n| 1972 | 183,7002 | 1988 | 151,1572 | 2004 | 170,0812 | 2020 | 360,1032 |\n| 1973 | 212,6002 | 1989 | 169,0422 | 2005 | 158,1002 | 2021 | 414,0072 |\n| 1974 | 199,1002 | 1990 | 128,7472 | 2006 | 133,3102 | 2022 | 507,0002 |\n| 1975 | 199,0002 | 1991 | 147,3662 | 2007 | 175,3462 | 2023 | 468,0002 |\n| 1976 | 137,1002 | 1992 | 110,3342 | 2008 | 211,7262 | 2024 | 402,0002 |\n\n**Yield.** FAO’s average yield was 546 kg/ha in 2024.4 It peaked at 1,028 kg/ha in 1996 and has stayed between 546 and 615 kg/ha since 2005.4 A 2025 study cites a national average of 700 kg/ha of green coffee.29 Coffee yields compares origins.\n\n**USDA’s recent series.** In USDA’s tables, production was 6.05 million bags in 2021/22, 6.57 million in 2022/23, 6.40 million in 2023/24, 6.70 million in 2024/25 and 7.10 million in 2025/26.1 USDA uses an October–September marketing year; FAO uses calendar years.1,3 The FAO value for 2024 carries flag X, a value taken from an external organisation.3\n\n## Robusta and arabica\n\n| Marketing year | Arabica (thousand bags) | Robusta (thousand bags) | Total (thousand bags) | Arabica share (our calculation) |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| 2021/22 | 9901 | 5,0601 | 6,0501 | 16.4% |\n| 2022/23 | 9901 | 5,5751 | 6,5651 | 15.1% |\n| 2023/24 | 1,0001 | 5,4001 | 6,4001 | 15.6% |\n| 2024/25 | 1,0301 | 5,6701 | 6,7001 | 15.4% |\n| 2025/26 | 1,1201 | 5,9751 | 7,0951 | 15.8% |\n| 2026/27 (forecast) | 1,1351 | 6,0251 | 7,1601 | 15.9% |\n\nOther sources give similar shares. FAO gave robusta 87% and arabica 13% in 2000.7 The ICO profile puts robusta at 80% of exports by weight.8 In the 2020/21 financial year, UCDA certified 5,337,952 bags of robusta and 739,999 bags of arabica for export, 12% arabica (our calculation).11 In September 2026, arabica was 15.4% of the month’s exports (our calculation).9\n\n## Coffee by region and zone\n\nNo regional production table of the statistics office could be accessed. Two official sources describe the regions.\n\n**Regional surveys, 2020/21.** UCDA’s production surveys for 2020/21 estimated 3.6 million bags of clean coffee in Greater Masaka, 4 million in the Central region, 2 million in Busoga and 0.95 million in the Rwenzori region.11 The report does not say whether these regions overlap, so they are not added up.11 For Busoga it splits 1.0 million bags of main harvest and 0.7 million of fly crop, which do not add to the 2 million printed.11 The same surveys put gross production at 10 million 60-kg bags.11\n\n**Coffee zones.** The national cup profiles group districts into zones by species, from over 1,000 samples of crop years 2014–2020.12\n\n| Zone (as in the source) | Species | Districts named (selection) | Mean elevation |\n|---|---|---|---|\n| Highland Ranges | Arabica | Bududa, Bukwo, Manafwa, Kween, Mbale, Namisindwa, Kapchorwa, Sironko, Kisoro, Kasese, Kabarole12 | 1,855 m12 |\n| North Western Savannah Grass Lands | Arabica | Arua, Maracha, Zombo, Nebbi12 | 1,435 m12 |\n| South-Western Farm Lands | Arabica and robusta | Ibanda, Kanungu, Rubirizi, Rukungiri, Mitooma, Bushenyi, Sheema, Mbarara12 | 1,545 m12 |\n| Lake Victoria Crescent | Robusta | Kyotera, Mpigi, Mukono, Mayuge, Wakiso, Buikwe, Buvuma, Rakai, Kalangala, Jinja12 | 1,082 m12 |\n| Kyoga Plains | Robusta | Bugiri, Kamuli, Iganga, Luuka, Namutumba, Namayingo, Kayunga12 | 914–1,800 m (as printed)12 |\n| Pastoral Range Lands | Robusta | Bukomansimbi, Butambala, Kalungu, Gomba, Masaka, Sembabule, Lwengo, Lyantonde, Kyankwazi12 | Not used (printed in “mm”) |\n| Western Savannah Grasslands | Arabica and robusta | Kabarole, Kamwenge, Kasese (arabica); Luweero, Nakaseke, Mityana, Mubende, Kiboga, Kibaale, Hoima, Kyenjojo, Kyegegwa (robusta)12 | Not used (implausible range) |\n| North-eastern and north-western savannah | Robusta | Lira, Pader, Kitgum, Agago (north-east); Oyam, Gulu, Nwoya, Koboko, Arua (north-west)12 | Not used (north-east printed with the Lake Victoria Crescent value) |\n\nA 2022 cupping study placed its Lake Victoria Crescent site at Mukono, at 800–1,160 m.23\n\n## Processing practice and trade terms\n\n| Term | Meaning | Source |\n|---|---|---|\n| Kiboko | Dried robusta cherry, sold by producers to kiboko traders | Baffes 200627, EPRC 201928 |\n| FAQ | Fair average quality: ungraded hulled green coffee, bought by FAQ traders who sell to exporters | Baffes 200627, EPRC 201928 |\n| Hulling | Done by mills, often as a service to kiboko traders for a fixed fee (2006) | Baffes 200627 |\n| Drugar | Ungraded dry-processed (natural) Ugandan arabica | EPRC 201928; export grade in the monthly report9 |\n| Wugar | Washed Ugandan arabica, Okoro (West Nile) named in the source | EPRC 201928; export grade in the monthly report9 |\n| Parchment | Arabica parchment, priced at the farm gate | Monthly report9 |\n| Washed robusta | A small export grade | Monthly report9 |\n\n**Farm-gate prices.** In September 2026, the national monthly report gave average farm-gate prices of UGX 5,410 per kg for robusta kiboko and UGX 12,050 for FAQ.9 Arabica parchment averaged UGX 15,575 per kg and Drugar UGX 14,850.9 No source consulted for this entry gives a Tier A out-turn from kiboko to FAQ; cherry-to-green conversion gives general ratios.\n\n**Exports by grade.** The September 2026 report lists exports by grade.9 One month is not a year: the shares vary with the harvest.\n\n
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Exports by grade in September 2026, in 60-kg bags, from the national monthly report. Robusta screen grades dominate; Screen 15 alone was 41% of the month’s exports (our calculation).9
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\n\n| Grade | Bags, Sept 2026 | US$ per kg | Grade | Bags, Sept 2026 | US$ per kg |\n|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n| Screen 18 | 77,5569 | 4.1 | Bugisu AA | 8,9529 | 6.9 |\n| Screen 17 | 42,5739 | 3.9 | Bugisu AB | 24,5789 | 6.5 |\n| Screen 15 | 303,1659 | 4.0 | Bugisu A | 1,2809 | 7.3 |\n| Screen 14 | 19,1329 | 3.7 | Bugisu C/PB | 1,3469 | 6.3 |\n| Screen 12 | 86,4939 | 3.9 | Mt Elgon A+ | 1,3069 | 7.8 |\n| BHP 1199 | 46,0929 | 3.2 | Mt Elgon AB | 1,3869 | 7.9 |\n| Other robustas | 40,3919 | 3.3 | Wugar | 19,9829 | 7.0 |\n| Organic robusta | 4,6019 | 4.3 | Drugar | 39,3919 | 6.3 |\n| Washed robusta | 2,0789 | 4.1 | Other arabicas | 11,1909 | 4.2 |\n| Total robusta | 622,0819 | 3.9 | Total arabica | 113,3549 | 6.4 |\n\nThe arabica total also includes Sustainable Arabica (3,590 bags), Organic Drugar (350) and Bugisu A+ (3).9 Screen 15 was 48.7% of robusta exports that month; Drugar was 34.8% of arabica, and the Bugisu grades together 31.9% (our calculation).9 The report does not define BHP 1199.9\n\n## Coffee wilt and resistant clones\n\nCoffee wilt disease, caused by *Fusarium xylarioides*, was confirmed on robusta in Bundibugyo in 1993.21 By the end of 1998 it was confirmed in 18 districts, south and east of the first site.21 A 2003 study, citing a UCDA report of 2000, gives 14.5 million trees destroyed since 1993, with 15 of the 24 main robusta districts affected.22 A 2022 study, citing a UCDA report of 2004, states that the disease wiped out about 60% of robusta trees in the early 1990s, an estimated loss of US$259 million.23 These figures cover different periods (see Coffee wilt disease).\n\n**Breeding.** The breeding effort led to the release of seven resistant varieties, according to the 2022 study.23 NaCORI lists 10: KR1–KR7 and NARO KR8, KR9 and KR10.20 The ICO profile also counts ten resistant lines.8 In three zones studied in 2022, only five of the seven were found on farms: KR3, KR4, KR5, KR6 and KR7.23 Most scored as premium robusta (70–79); KR4 reached specialty grade (80 or more).23 World Coffee Research gives KR6 a yield potential of 2,650 kg of green coffee per hectare.24\n\n**Wild genes.** The 2021 genetic study found four distinct clusters in the forests of north-western Uganda.19 Twelve environmental variables explained 16.3% of the allelic variation across populations.19 The authors call for urgent in situ conservation of these forests.19 According to the 2023 review, citing the 2022 study, elite clones with wilt resistance and high yield are the mainstay of robusta production in Uganda.18\n\n**Arabica breeding.** NaCORI has submitted five candidate arabica varieties to the agriculture ministry for assessment before release.20\n\n## Institutions and law\n\n| Element | Rule or value | Source |\n|---|---|---|\n| UCDA | Established 1991; mandated by the UCDA Statute 1991, amended 1994 | Parliament17, ICO8 |\n| Liberalisation | Coffee sector fully liberalised in 1991; Coffee Board split in January 1991 | USDA 20146, World Bank 200627 |\n| National Coffee Act, 2021 | Act 17 of 2021, which established the Coffee Development Authority | Bill 202415 |\n| Amendment bill | Published 27 March 2024; passed 6 November 2024 | Gazette15, Parliament17 |\n| Assent | 20 December 2024 | State House16 |\n| Effect | Authority dissolved on commencement; functions to the ministry responsible for agriculture | Bill 202415 |\n| Restructuring in practice | Functions integrated into MAAIF in 2025 | USDA 20265 |\n| Statistics after 2025 | Monthly coffee reports continue on ugandacoffee.go.ug, by coffee year (October–September) | Monthly reports9,10 |\n| Research | NaCORI (NARO), Kituza, Mukono; sub-station Bugusege, Sironko | NaCORI20 |\n| Geographical indication | Rwenzori Mountains of the Moon Coffee, registered 2023 | URSB31 |\n| Traceability | Mapping of at least 1,200,000 coffee farms (2026 terms of reference) | MAAIF32 |\n\n**The GI area.** The URSB page links the Rwenzori indication to producers in Kasese, Bundibugyo, Kabarole, Bunyangabo and Ntoroko, the districts its 2025 workshop targeted.31 It describes the coffee as arabica grown organically above 1,200 m.31 The registered specification was not consulted.\n\n**On the futures market.** Differentials and coffee futures describe how Ugandan coffee relates to the New York and London contracts.\n\n## Climate risk\n\nA 2015 global model projects that Uganda would lose area suitable for arabica below 1,400 m by the 2050s.30 In East Africa as a whole, suitable climates are projected to move from 400–2,000 m to 800–2,500 m.30 These are model projections, not forecasts by Coffearium. No study consulted for this entry modelled robusta suitability in Uganda.\n\nThe sources consulted also name pests and diseases. According to producers cited in USDA’s 2026 report, the twig borer is the most common pest.5 According to a 2025 study, the current impacts of climate change have resulted in high pest and disease prevalence.29\n\n## Reference values\n\n| Parameter | Value | Source |\n|---|---|---|\n| Production, USDA | 7.10 million 60-kg bags (2025/26); 7.16 million forecast (2026/27) | USDA1 |\n| Production, FAO | 402,000 t (2024); peak 507,000 t (2022) | FAO2,3 |\n| Share of world output | 4.0% (2025/26, USDA); 3.6% (2024, FAO); our calculation | USDA1, FAO3 |\n| Robusta, share of world | 7.1%, fourth largest (2025/26, our calculation) | USDA1 |\n| Species split | Robusta 5.98, arabica 1.12 million bags (2025/26) | USDA1 |\n| Yield | 546 kg/ha (2024) | FAO4 |\n| Area planted | 590,000 ha (2025/26); 595,000 ha forecast (2026/27), post estimates | USDA5 |\n| Smallholders | Farms of 0.5–2.5 ha; about 90% of production | USDA5 |\n| Estates | About 5% of the area | ICO8 |\n| Households | 1.7 million (ICO, 2019, no year of data); 2.5 million (MAAIF, 2026); see Contested | ICO8, MAAIF32 |\n| Altitude | Robusta up to 1,200 m; arabica 1,500–2,300 m (undated profile, about 2008) | UIA13 |\n| Mean zone elevation | Highland Ranges 1,855 m; Lake Victoria Crescent 1,082 m | Cup profiles12 |\n| Harvest | All year; peaks November–February and June–September (2014) | USDA6 |\n| Exports, USDA | 6.70 million bags (2025/26); 6.83 million forecast (2026/27) | USDA1 |\n| Exports, national | 8 million bags (coffee year 2025/26) | Monthly report9 |\n| Main destination | EU, 73% of exports (2024/25) | USDA5 |\n| Domestic consumption | 335,000 bags (forecast 2026/27) | USDA5 |\n| Export price | Peak US$4.64 per kg (2024/25) | USDA5 |\n| Farm-gate prices | Kiboko UGX 5,410; FAQ UGX 12,050; parchment UGX 15,575 per kg (September 2026) | Monthly report9 |\n| CWD first confirmed | 1993, Bundibugyo | Hakiza and Birikunzira21 |\n| CWD-resistant clones | 10 (KR1–NARO KR10) | NaCORI20 |\n| UCDA | Established 1991; amendment providing for its dissolution assented 20 December 2024 | Parliament17, State House16 |\n\n## Open questions\n\n- **Commencement.** The enacted National Coffee (Amendment) Act and its commencement date were not consulted; the date on which UCDA ceased to exist is not confirmed here.15,16\n- **Households.** Official counts range from 1.7 million to over 2.8 million households, and none states a year of data (see Contested).8,32\n- **Exports.** The national count for coffee year 2025/26 is about 1.3 million bags above USDA’s estimate for the same months (our calculation).9,1\n- **Regional production.** No regional or district production table of the statistics office could be accessed; the 2020/21 regional estimates do not add to a national total.11\n- **Harvest by region.** The regional harvest months rest on an undated profile of about 2008; the ICO’s harvest table could not be read reliably.13,8\n- **Clone release years.** No Tier A source consulted dates the release of KR1–KR7 or of NARO KR8–KR10.20,23\n- **Early history.** No primary colonial record of the first arabica planting was consulted.18,27\n\n## Key studies\n\n
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Davis et al., 2023 – Uganda’s indigenous coffee resources. A review of the four coffee species native to Uganda, with their forests, history of use and value for breeding. It treats Uganda as a centre of diversity for robusta and points to excelsa as an emerging crop.

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Frontiers in Plant Science 13, 1057317 · doi:10.3389/fpls.2022.1057317

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Kiwuka et al., 2021 – Genetic diversity of Ugandan robusta. Genotyped wild robusta from seven forests together with field collections and a feral population. Uganda’s native diversity forms its own groups, with four clusters in the north-west, and part of it is linked to environment.

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PLOS One 16(2), e0245965 · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0245965

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Mulindwa et al., 2022 – Cup quality of wilt-resistant clones. Cupped the resistant robusta clones found on farms in three agro-ecological zones. Most scored as premium robusta; KR4 reached specialty grade, and its bean size varied little between sites.

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Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 102, 1225–1232 · doi:10.1002/jsfa.11460

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Hakiza and Birikunzira, 2000 – Coffee wilt in Uganda. Reviewed the first years of the epidemic. The disease was confirmed in Bundibugyo in 1993 and had reached 18 districts by the end of 1998.

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Uganda Journal of Agricultural Sciences 5(1), 17–21 · journal.naro.go.ug

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