Coffee production by country
Which countries grow the world’s coffee, how much of it is arabica or robusta, how Brazil and Vietnam came to dominate supply, how much producers drink at home, and why official production statistics disagree.
Contents
In brief
- In 2025/26, the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) counted 178.8 million 60-kg bags, 52.8% arabica and 47.2% robusta (shares: our calculation).1
- Brazil grew 40.2% of the world’s arabica and Vietnam 36.1% of its robusta in 2025/26 (USDA; our calculation).1
- In Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) data, Brazil and Vietnam rose from 25.7% of world production in 1990 to 47.9% in 2024 (our calculation).2
- Brazil, Ethiopia and Indonesia each drink 35–39% of what they grow, by USDA figures for 2025/26 (our calculation).1
- USDA, the International Coffee Organization (ICO) and FAO count in different years and units, and FAO imputes missing values.5,4,1
Who grows the coffee#
Coffee is grown in many countries, but a few supply most of it. The US Department of Agriculture (USDA) counts world production in bags of 60 kg of green coffee. For marketing year 2025/26 it estimates 178.8 million bags.1 Brazil produced 63.0 million and Vietnam 31.7 million of them.1
The next three are Colombia with 12.5 million bags, Indonesia with 12.4 million and Ethiopia with 11.6 million.1 Together, the five largest producers grew 73.3% of the world’s coffee (our calculation).1 A chart of the 12 largest producers and a world map are in The coffee belt.
USDA describes Brazil as the producer that sets the pace. Its July 2026 report states that Brazil accounts for nearly 40% of world production and strongly influences supplies and prices.1 In Brazil, over 70% of the arabica is grown in Minas Gerais and about 70% of the robusta in Espírito Santo.1
For 2026/27, USDA forecasts a record world crop of 189.7 million bags. Brazil is forecast at a record 71.9 million bags and Vietnam at 32.5 million.1 Forecasts change from one report to the next, so this entry uses the 2025/26 estimates.
Arabica and robusta by country#
Two species make up almost all traded coffee: arabica (C. arabica) and robusta (C. canephora).1 USDA splits each country’s crop between them. In 2025/26 the world produced 94.4 million bags of arabica and 84.4 million bags of robusta.1 That is 52.8% arabica and 47.2% robusta (our calculation).
The split differs strongly between countries. In USDA’s tables, Colombia, Ethiopia, Honduras and Peru produce only arabica.1 Vietnam grows almost only robusta: 30.5 of its 31.7 million bags.1 Brazil grows both, 38.0 million bags of arabica and 25.0 million of robusta.1
Data table
| Arabica (million 60-kg bags) | Robusta (million 60-kg bags) | Total | Arabica share (our calculation) | Source | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brazil | 38 | 25 | 63 | 63.0 · 60.3% arabica | 1 |
| Vietnam | 1.2 | 30.5 | 31.7 | 31.7 · 3.8% arabica | 1 |
| Colombia | 12.5 | 0 | 12.5 | 12.5 · 100% arabica | 1 |
| Indonesia | 1.37 | 11 | 12.37 | 12.4 · 11.1% arabica | 1 |
| Ethiopia | 11.56 | 0 | 11.56 | 11.6 · 100% arabica | 1 |
| Uganda | 1.12 | 5.975 | 7.095 | 7.1 · 15.8% arabica | 1 |
| India | 1.73 | 4.7 | 6.43 | 6.4 · 26.9% arabica | 1 |
| Honduras | 5.53 | 0 | 5.53 | 5.5 · 100% arabica | 1 |
| Peru | 4.764 | 0 | 4.764 | 4.8 · 100% arabica | 1 |
| Mexico | 3.58 | 0.5 | 4.08 | 4.1 · 87.7% arabica | 1 |
Each species is therefore concentrated in fewer countries than coffee as a whole. Brazil grew 40.2% of the world’s arabica in 2025/26; Vietnam grew 36.1% of its robusta (our calculation).1 USDA states that Brazil typically supplies 40–50% of world arabica, depending on its two-year crop cycle.1 How the two species differ in the cup and in the field is set out in Arabica or robusta.
How concentration has grown since 1990#
The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) publishes production by country for every calendar year since 1961.4 In its series, Brazil and Vietnam together grew 25.7% of the world’s coffee in 1990.2 By 2024 they grew 47.9% (our calculation).2
Most of that change came from Vietnam. Brazil’s share moved within a band: 24.2% in 1990, 34.4% at its highest in 2010 and 30.0% in 2024 (our calculation).2 Its lowest share in the series was 16.8%, in 1995.2
Vietnam’s production rose from 92,000 t in 1990 to 2.02 million t in 2024.2 Its share of world output grew from 1.5% to 17.9% (our calculation).2 Almost all of this coffee is robusta.1 The Central Highlands are the country’s main coffee-growing area.10 A 2008 study of smallholders there describes a coffee boom followed by a bust in producer prices.9 The planned entry The rise of robusta will cover this growth in depth.
Grown for export, drunk at home#
Most coffee is grown to be exported, but producing countries also drink a large share. The ICO calls the difference “exportable production”: total production minus domestic consumption.6
In 2025/26, USDA estimates the following (shares: our calculation):1
- Brazil drank 22.3 million bags, 35.4% of its crop. Among single countries in the USDA table, only the United States consumed more.
- Ethiopia drank 4.5 million bags, 38.9% of its crop. USDA lowered its export estimate because more coffee than expected was drunk at home.
- Indonesia drank 4.8 million bags, 38.9% of its crop.
- Vietnam drank 4.9 million bags, 15.5% of its crop.
These shares are not the reverse of export shares. Stocks change from year to year, and exports include roasted and soluble coffee converted to green coffee.1 Some producers also import. In 2025/26 Colombia imported 2.2 million bags to keep up domestic consumption after a smaller crop.1 Consumption by country is the subject of Coffee consumption by country.
Small and emerging producers#
FAOSTAT, the FAO database, lists 78 countries and territories with coffee production in 2024 (our count).3 The ten largest produced 84.4% of the total of all 78 (our calculation).3 At the other end, 45 countries produced less than 10,000 t each. Together they made up 0.9% of the total (our calculation).3
Some small producers are well known to buyers of specialty coffee. In FAOSTAT for 2024, Kenya produced 49,500 t, Rwanda about 17,840 t and Jamaica 6,521 t.3 Others produce coffee at the edge of the belt: the United States 3,817 t and Nepal about 501 t.3 Where Nepal’s coffee grows is described in The coffee belt.
Ethiopia has grown fastest of the ten largest producers in recent years. Its crop rose from 8.15 million bags in 2021/22 to 11.56 million in 2025/26, by 41.8% (our calculation).1 USDA expects a record 12.1 million bags in 2026/27. It writes that over half of the cultivated area was replaced with higher-yielding varieties over the last four years.1
Why USDA, ICO and FAO disagree#
Three official datasets count coffee production by country. They differ in their year, their unit and how they fill gaps, so their totals never match exactly.
- Year. USDA uses each country’s marketing year, which begins in April, July or October; Brazil’s runs from July to June and Vietnam’s from October to September.1 The ICO converts production from each country’s crop year to the coffee year starting on 1 October.5 FAOSTAT uses the calendar year.4 How the two trade years work is set out in Crop year and coffee year.
- Unit. USDA and the ICO count 60-kg bags of green coffee.1,5 FAOSTAT counts tonnes.4 One bag is 0.06 t (our calculation).
- Who reports. USDA’s figures are based on reports from its overseas posts and on secondary information.1 ICO Members report estimates for the current and following crop year.7 Where Members give none, the ICO uses other sources, among them USDA.6 FAO collects official statistics from member countries through questionnaires.4
- Gaps. If FAO has no official or unofficial value, it imputes one and flags it.4 In the FAOSTAT extract of 11 October 2026, 29 of the 78 values for 2024 were imputed; they make up 12.6% of the total tonnage (our calculation).3 Ethiopia’s value is one of them.3
The ICO also states that its country figures are built for a consistent supply and demand balance. In its words, they do not represent the production occurring on the ground in each country.5
| Country or total | USDA, marketing year 2024/25 | ICO, coffee year 2024 | FAOSTAT, calendar year 2024 |
|---|---|---|---|
| World | 176.8 million bags (≈10.61 million t)1 | 177.5 million bags (≈10.65 million t)5 | 11.28 million t, FAO world value (≈188.1 million bags)2; 11.13 million t, sum of 78 countries3 |
| Brazil | 65.5 million bags (≈3.93 million t)1 | Not in Table 3 | 3.39 million t, official (≈56.5 million bags)3 |
| Vietnam | 29.0 million bags (≈1.74 million t)1 | Not in Table 3 | 2.02 million t, official (≈33.6 million bags)3 |
| Ethiopia | 11.46 million bags (≈688,000 t)1 | Not in Table 3 | 575,696 t, imputed (≈9.6 million bags)3 |
| Laos | 450,000 bags (≈27,000 t)1 | Not in Table 3 | 174,900 t, official (≈2.9 million bags)3 |
Conversions between bags and tonnes in the table are our calculation. The years do not line up: Brazil’s USDA year 2024/25 runs from July 2024 to June 2025, while FAOSTAT counts January to December 2024.1,4 For the world total, USDA and the ICO lie within 0.4% of each other (our calculation). FAOSTAT is higher by both of its measures.
Two smaller points affect the line chart. FAO’s world value for 2024, 11.28 million t, is larger than the sum of the 76 country values republished with it, 11.13 million t (our calculation).2 The chart divides by the world value, so Brazil’s 2024 share there is 30.0%. The coffee belt entry divides by the sum of countries and gives 30.4% for the same year.
Arabica and robusta in the statistics#
USDA and the ICO both split world production by species. Their figures for 2024 are close. USDA gives 102.3 million bags of arabica and 74.5 million of robusta for 2024/25, 57.8% arabica.1 The ICO gives 102.1 million and 75.4 million for coffee year 2024, 57.5% arabica (our calculations).5
The arabica share moves with Brazil’s crop. In USDA’s figures it fell from 57.8% in 2024/25 to 52.8% in 2025/26, when Brazil’s arabica fell and its robusta reached a record (our calculation).1 USDA explains that Brazil’s arabica alternates between on-years and off-years, which drives most of the yearly change in world arabica.1 The causes of this cycle are covered in Coffee yields.
Roasted and soluble coffee are converted to green coffee before they are counted. The ICO multiplies roasted coffee by 1.19 and soluble coffee by 2.6; USDA uses the same factors.7,1 In its export data, for countries that produce or export both species, the ICO classifies roasted and soluble coffee 50/50 as arabica and robusta.6 FAOSTAT reports one item, “Coffee, green”, with no split by species.3
Reference values#
| Parameter | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| World production, 2025/26 | 178.8 million 60-kg bags | USDA1 |
| World arabica · robusta, 2025/26 | 94.4 · 84.4 million bags (52.8 · 47.2%, our calculation) | USDA1 |
| World arabica · robusta, coffee year 2024 | 102.1 · 75.4 million bags (57.5 · 42.5%, our calculation) | ICO5 |
| Brazil, 2025/26 | 63.0 million bags; 38.0 arabica, 25.0 robusta | USDA1 |
| Vietnam, 2025/26 | 31.7 million bags; 1.2 arabica, 30.5 robusta | USDA1 |
| Brazil’s share of world arabica, 2025/26 | 40.2% (our calculation); 40–50% typical (USDA) | USDA1 |
| Vietnam’s share of world robusta, 2025/26 | 36.1% (our calculation) | USDA1 |
| Brazil + Vietnam, share of world | 25.7% (1990) → 47.9% (2024), our calculation | FAOSTAT2 |
| Vietnam production | 92,000 t (1990) → 2,015,289 t (2024) | FAOSTAT2 |
| Domestic consumption as share of production, 2025/26 | Brazil 35.4%, Ethiopia 38.9%, Indonesia 38.9%, Vietnam 15.5% (our calculation) | USDA1 |
| Countries with production in 2024 | 78; 45 below 10,000 t | FAOSTAT3 |
| Imputed values, FAOSTAT 2024 | 29 of 78 countries, 12.6% of tonnage (our calculation) | FAOSTAT3 |
| Green coffee equivalents | Roasted × 1.19; soluble × 2.6 | ICO7, USDA1 |
Open questions#
- Country figures that do not agree. For Laos, FAOSTAT and USDA differ by a factor of about 6.5 (our calculation); no source consulted for this entry explains why.3,1
- Imputed values. Ethiopia, the fifth-largest producer, has an imputed FAOSTAT value for 2024.3 No source consulted here assesses how close FAO’s imputations come to later official figures.
- World total in FAOSTAT. The FAO world value for 2024 is larger than the sum of the country values republished with it.2 No source consulted here explains the difference.
- Long series by species. No source consulted for this entry gives a country-by-country split of arabica and robusta back to 1990; the share chart therefore covers all coffee.
- Domestic consumption. Estimates of how much producing countries drink change between reports, as the two USDA figures for Ethiopia show (see Contested).8,1
Key studies#
USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, 2026 – Coffee: World Markets and Trade. The USDA report on world coffee supply. Its tables give production, arabica and robusta, exports, imports, consumption and stocks by country, in marketing years, from reports of USDA staff abroad and secondary sources.
International Coffee Organization, 2026 – Coffee Market Report. The ICO’s monthly market report. Its world supply and demand balance gives production by region and by species, converted from each country’s crop year to the coffee year starting in October.
FAO, 2026 – FAOSTAT crop production. Annual production by country since 1961, in tonnes and calendar years, mainly from official national statistics. Missing values are imputed and every value carries a flag that says how it was obtained.
Ha & Shively, 2008 – Coffee boom, coffee bust in Vietnam. Studied how smallholders in Vietnam’s Central Highlands responded when producer prices fell after the coffee boom. Using a multinomial model, it describes responses from cutting purchased inputs to changing crops or working off the farm.
- Share of Ethiopia’s crop drunk at home: a 2021 USDA country report states that 50–55% of production is consumed domestically8; the July 2026 USDA circular gives 3.36 million bags consumed of 8.15 million produced for 2021/22, which is 41.3% (our calculation).1 The 2021 report also forecast 2021/22 production at 7.62 million bags8, against 8.15 million in the 2026 circular.1 USDA revises its estimates between reports, as the list of revisions in the 2026 circular shows, so the two vintages differ.
- Size of the crop in Laos: FAOSTAT records 174,900 t for 2024, flagged as an official value3; USDA puts 2024/25 production at 450,000 bags, about 27,000 t (our calculation).1 No source consulted for this entry explains the gap.
Coffearium (2026). Coffee production by country. Coffearium – The open coffee compendium. Retrieved 4 November 2026, from https://coffearium.org/entries/coffee-production-by-country/
@misc{coffearium2026-coffee-production-by-country,
author = {{Coffearium}},
title = {{Coffee production by country}},
year = {2026},
howpublished = {Coffearium -- The open coffee compendium},
url = {https://coffearium.org/entries/coffee-production-by-country/},
urldate = {2026-11-04},
note = {Retrieved 4 November 2026}
}Entries are updated when the evidence changes; the retrieval date tells your readers which version you used. Changes are listed in the Change log.
Change log
- – The ICO’s 50/50 split of roasted and soluble coffee between arabica and robusta is now described as applying to its export data, for countries that produce or export both species. Reason: The ICO data-concepts document (SC 59/15) states the 50/50 ratio under export data, not for production in general.
- – Laos: the gap between FAOSTAT and USDA is now given as a factor of about 6.5, not about six. Reason: 174,900 t against about 27,000 t is a factor of 6.5 (our calculation).
Sources
- AUSDA Foreign Agricultural Service (2026). Coffee: World Markets and Trade (July 2026). United States Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service.
- AFood and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO); processed by Our World in Data (2026). Coffee bean production (FAOSTAT, Crops and livestock products, item Coffee, green). FAO via Our World in Data.
- AFood and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2026). FAOSTAT: Crops and livestock products (item “Coffee, green”, element “Production”, 2024). FAO, licence CC BY 4.0.
- AFood and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2026). Crop production, yield, harvested area (Global, National – Annual) – FAOSTAT. FAO Data Catalogue.
- AInternational Coffee Organization (2026). Coffee Market Report – February 2026. International Coffee Organization (ICO).
- AInternational Coffee Organization, Statistics Committee (2015). Data concepts and variables used in the statistics of the Organization (SC-59-15). International Coffee Organization.
- AInternational Coffee Council (2011). Rules on Statistics: Statistical Reports (ICC-102-10). International Coffee Organization.
- AUSDA Foreign Agricultural Service, Global Agricultural Information Network (2021). Ethiopia: Coffee Annual (ET2021-0013). United States Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service.
- AHa, D. T.; Shively, G. (2008). Coffee Boom, Coffee Bust and Smallholder Response in Vietnam’s Central Highlands. Review of Development Economics 12(2), 312–326. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9361.2007.00391.x · other copies
- A(2017). Vietnam: Coffee Annual (VM7024). USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, GAIN report.
Tier A · authoritative · B · trade and expert · C · general. Supporting quotes for every source are in the data version of this entry. If a publisher’s site refuses access, try the doi link or “other copies”.
The literature for this entry was last searched on 24 Oct 2026. A statement that no source consulted for this entry shows something refers to the sources above; newer or missing work may exist.
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