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  • Plant20 entries
    Plant overview →
    Fruit and seed
    • Coffee cherry anatomy
    • Seed anatomy and storage
    • Germination and seedlings
    • Flowering and pollination
    • Fruit development
    • Peaberries and bean shapes
    Species and varieties
    • The coffee genus
    • Arabica varieties & lines
    • Coffea arabica
    • Coffea canephora
    • Arabica and robusta compared
    • Liberica and excelsa
    • Eugenioides, arabica’s other parent
    • Stenophylla and other wild relatives
    • Racemosa and zanguebariaecoming
    • Robusta varieties and clonescoming
    • Ethiopian landraces
    • Variety, cultivar, landracecoming
    Genetics and breeding
    • Polyploidy and the arabica genome
    • The arabica bottleneck
    • How coffee is bredcoming
    • The Timor Hybrid
    • F1 hybrids
    • Breeding for disease resistancecoming
    • DNA fingerprinting of varietiescoming
    • Plant variety protectioncoming
    Propagation
    • Seeds and seed qualitycoming
    • Nurseries and seedlingscoming
    • Cuttings and graftingcoming
    • Somatic embryogenesiscoming
    • Seed systemscoming
    • Nursery diseasescoming
    How the plant works
    • Branching and fruiting wood
    • Rootscoming
    • Leaves and photosynthesiscoming
    • Climate needs of coffee speciescoming
    • Life cycle and growth stagescoming
    History
    • Where coffee comes from: legends and evidencecoming
    • The wild coffee forests of Ethiopiacoming
  • Farm6 entries
    Farm overview →
    Establishing a farm
    • The coffee beltcoming
    • Site selection: climate, altitude and terrain
    • Choosing a varietycoming
    • Soils for coffeecoming
    • Agro-climatic zonescoming
    • Planting density and layoutcoming
    • Farming systemscoming
    • Shade and agroforestry
    • Land preparation and soil conservationcoming
    Growing
    • Nutrition and fertilisationcoming
    • Soil acidity and limingcoming
    • Nutrient deficiency symptomscoming
    • Organic fertilisers and compostcoming
    • Pruning, stumping and renovationcoming
    • Overbearing and die-backcoming
    • Irrigationcoming
    • Weeds and ground covercoming
    • Intercroppingcoming
    • Pesticide safety and residuescoming
    Harvest
    • Harvesting & sorting
    • Coffee yieldscoming
    Pests and diseases
    • Coffee leaf rust
    • Coffee berry disease
    • Coffee berry borer
    • Coffee wilt diseasecoming
    • Leaf spot diseasescoming
    • Bacterial diseasescoming
    • Nematodescoming
    • Coffee leaf minercoming
    • Antestia bugscoming
    • Twig and stem borerscoming
    • Minor diseases and disorderscoming
    Pest management
    • Integrated pest managementcoming
    • Biological controlcoming
    • Climate change, pests and diseasescoming
    Origin profiles
    • Brazilcoming
    • Vietnamcoming
    • Colombiacoming
    • Indonesiacoming
    • Ethiopiacoming
    • Ugandacoming
    • Indiacoming
    • Perucoming
    • Hondurascoming
    • Guatemalacoming
    • Mexicocoming
    • Kenyacoming
    • Rwandacoming
    • Costa Ricacoming
    • Yemencoming
    History
    • Coffee, colonialism and slaverycoming
    • How coffee spread around the worldcoming
    See also
    • Coffee cherry anatomy · plant
  • Process24 entries
    Process overview →
    Methods
    • Washed process
    • Natural process
    • Honey process
    • Pulped natural
    • Wet-hulled
    • Double soakingcoming
    • Anaerobic fermentation
    • Carbonic maceration
    • Starter cultures and co-fermentation
    • Monsooned coffeecoming
    • Animal-processed coffeecoming
    Steps, in order
    • 1Harvesting & sorting · farm
    • 2Pulping
    • 3Mechanical demucilaging
    • 4Fermentation
    • 5Drying
    • 6Resting
    • 7Hulling & dry milling
    • 8Grading & sorting
    Science
    • Mucilage
    • Microorganisms
    • Moisture & water activity
    • The living seed
    • From cherry to green
    • Processing and flavour chemistrycoming
    Equipment
    • Mechanical dryers
    Quality
    • Defects and their causes
    • Screen sizecoming
    • Ochratoxin A
    • Green coffee storage
    By-products and environment
    • Wet-mill wastewatercoming
    • Coffee pulp and compostcoming
    • Cascaracoming
    See also
    • Coffee cherry anatomy · plant
  • Trade11 entries
    Trade overview →
    Supply and seasons
    • Harvest calendars
    • Coffee production by countrycoming
    • Coffee consumption by countrycoming
    • Crop year and coffee yearcoming
    • Stocks and supply balancecoming
    • Crop forecastingcoming
    • The rise of robustacoming
    Prices and markets
    • How a coffee price is made
    • Coffee futures
    • Differentials
    • ICO indicator pricescoming
    • Hedgingcoming
    • Price fixationcoming
    • Options on coffee futurescoming
    • Currency and coffee pricescoming
    • Speculation and fundscoming
    • Price volatilitycoming
    • Coffee price historycoming
    Who trades coffee
    • The coffee value chaincoming
    • Trading housescoming
    • Switzerland and the coffee trade
    • Cooperatives and middlemencoming
    • Direct tradecoming
    • Auctions and competitionscoming
    • Who earns what along the chaincoming
    Contracts and documents
    • Green coffee contracts
    • Incoterms for coffee
    • Shipping documents and the bill of ladingcoming
    • Payment termscoming
    • ICO markscoming
    • Arbitrationcoming
    • Coffee trade glossarycoming
    Logistics
    • Shipping green coffeecoming
    • Small-lot consolidationcoming
    • Import and customscoming
    • Samples in the tradecoming
    • Green coffee storage · process
    • Coffee bean weevilcoming
    • Conversion factorscoming
    Risk
    • Risk in the coffee chaincoming
    • Counterparty and country riskcoming
    • Transport and storage riskcoming
    • Supply-chain shockscoming
    Quality and rules
    • Green coffee grading standards
    • Green coffee quality controlcoming
    • Pesticide residuescoming
    • Traceabilitycoming
    Sustainability and standards
    • Deforestation rules (EUDR)
    • Certifications and labels
    • Sustainability claims
    • Sustainability in coffeecoming
    • Living incomecoming
    History
    • Yemen and the Mocha tradecoming
    • The International Coffee Agreementscoming
    • Coffee price crisescoming
    • Brands and the industrial agecoming
    See also
    • Grading and sorting of green coffee · process
  • Roast41 entries
    Roast overview →
    Basics
    • Roasting
    • Green coffee composition
    • History of roastingcoming
    Steps, in order
    • 1Preheating and charge
    • 2Drying phase
    • 3Browning phase
    • 4First crack
    • 5Development time
    • 6Second crack
    • 7Cooling and quenching
    Profiling and control
    • Roast profiles
    • Rate of rise
    • Turning point
    • Airflow
    • Heat transfer
    Roast science
    • Glass–rubber transition
    • Porosity and cell structure
    • Water in roasting
    • Endothermic and exothermic phases
    • Bean size and density
    Roast chemistry
    • Maillard reaction
    • Strecker degradation
    • Caramelisation
    • Chlorogenic acids
    • Melanoidins
    • Acids in coffee
    • Caffeine and roast degree
    • Carbohydrates and body
    • Coffee oil
    • Roast gases and CO₂
    • Roasting contaminants
    Results and quality control
    • Roast degree and colour
    • Roast loss
    • Volume and bulk densitycoming
    • Roast defects
    • Roast quality controlcoming
    • Blending before or after roastingcoming
    Roasters
    • Drum roasters
    • Fluid-bed roasters
    • Tangential and centrifugal roasters
    • Sample roasterscoming
    • Roaster energy usecoming
    • Roaster emissions
    After the roast
    • Freshness & storage
    • Degassing
    • Coffee packaging
    Special coffees
    • Decaffeination
    • Soluble coffeecoming
    History
    • Industrial roasting historycoming
    • Coffee substitutescoming
  • Brew23 entries
    Brew overview →
    Fundamentals
    • What extraction is
    • Extraction yield & TDS
    • Extraction variables
    • CO₂ and the bloom
    • Brew temperature
    • Brew ratio and strength
    • Brewing control chart
    Water
    • Water for coffee
    • Hardness and alkalinity
    • Water minerals and flavour
    • Measuring water
    • Water treatment
    Grinding
    • Grinding
    • Grinder types and burrs
    • Particle size and fines
    • Static and retentioncoming
    • What affects grindingcoming
    • Grinder carecoming
    Brew methods
    • Pour-over & immersion
    • Pour-over technique
    • Cold brew
    • Moka pot
    • Filter coffee machinescoming
    Espresso
    • Espresso
    • Espresso machine
    • Espresso recipes and ratios
    • Puck preparation
    • Reading a shotcoming
    • History of the espresso machinecoming
    • Espresso machine carecoming
    Milk
    • Milk and milk drinkscoming
    Single-serve
    • Coffee capsulescoming
    • How capsules are madecoming
    • Capsules and the environmentcoming
    • Single-serve beyond capsulescoming
    History
    • History of brewingcoming
    • Ottoman coffee and the cezvecoming
  • Cup22 entries
    Cup overview →
    How we taste
    • How we taste coffee
    • The aroma of coffee
    • Body and mouthfeel
    • Crossmodal effects
    • Flavour language
    Cupping
    • Cupping
    • Sensory science methods
    Coffee and health
    • Caffeine
    • What’s in a cup of coffee
    • Bioactive compounds
    • Coffee and digestion
    • Contaminants and food safety
    • Coffee and long-term health
    • How to read coffee health news
    Drinks and serving
    • Coffee drinks around the world
    • Serving temperature
    • Cups and vessels
    Footprint of a cup
    • Carbon footprint of coffee
    Culture and history
    • Coffee as food in Ethiopia
    • The Ethiopian coffee ceremony
    • Coffeehouses from Mecca to Europe
    • Eras and waves of coffee
Across the chain
  • History22
  • Sustainability15
  • Science102
  • Equipment27
  • Cafés & retail2
Explore

Across the chain

Topics that run through every stage. Each entry lives in its own stage; these pages gather the ones that belong to a topic.

  • 22 entriesHistoryFrom Ethiopian forests to the world tradePlantFarmTradeRoastBrewCup
  • 15 entriesSustainabilityLand, water, climate and livelihoodsPlantFarmProcessTradeRoastCup
  • 102 entriesScienceChemistry, biology and physics, stage by stagePlantFarmProcessRoastBrewCup
  • 27 entriesEquipmentMachines from pulper to grinderProcessRoastBrewCup
  • 2 entriesCafés & retailCafés, service, design and selling coffeeCup
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